vorb-20221231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-40267

Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						98-1576914
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4022 E. Conant St.
Long Beach, CA						90808
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (562) 388-4400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share

VORB

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC*

Warrants to purchase common stock,

VORBW

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC*

* On April 4, 2023, Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) was notified by the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) of Nasdaq’s intention to delist the Company’s common stock and warrants as a result of the Company’s filing of a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code and that trading of the Company’s securities would be suspended effective at the opening of business on April 13, 2023. The Company has requested a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel to appeal Nasdaq’s determination to delist the Company’s securities. Trading of the Company’s securities will remain suspended pending the appeal process. Nasdaq will not take any action to delist the Company’s securities pending a final written decision by the Nasdaq Hearings Panel.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the closing sales price of $3.83 reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, was approximately $317.8 million.

As of April 4, 2023, there were approximately 392,524,323 shares of the registrant's common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

Table of Con tents

Table of Contents


			Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements			2
Risk Factor Summary			2
Part I			4
Item 1. Business			4
Item 1A. Risk Factors			13
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments			42
Item 2. Properties			42
Item 3. Legal Proceedings			42
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures			43
Part II			44
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities			44
Item 6. [Reserved]			44
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			45
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			61
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data			61
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures			61
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures			61
Item 9B. Other Information			62
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections			62
Part III			63
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance			63
Item 11. Executive Compensation			67
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters			72
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence			74
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services			79
Part IV			80
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules			80
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary			83
Signatures			84
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data			F-1

Table of Con tents

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements contained in this Annual Report other than statements of historical fact, including, without limitation, statements regarding the impact of the Chapter 11 Cases (as defined below) on our business, operations and prospects; our ability to continue to operate our business; our future results of operations and financial position, our capital requirements, ability to obtain adequate financing and our ability to continue as a going concern, our business strategy, the growth of the space market, our planned commercial launches, the expansion of our portfolio of space offerings, our research and development costs and timing and likelihood of success of the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “seeks,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may” or “should” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology, though not all forward-looking statements use these words or expressions. Such forward-looking statements are based on available current market material and management’s expectations, beliefs and forecasts concerning future events impacting us. Such statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified in Part II . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties.

You should carefully consider the foregoing factors and the other risks and uncertainties described in Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors section of this Annual Report and the documents we reference herein. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report and any Annual Report document incorporated by reference are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us and our business. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements through these cautionary statements. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. We disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As used in this Annual Report, “Chapter 11 Cases” refers to the voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) commenced by us and our domestic subsidiaries on April 4, 2023 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, under the caption In re Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc. et al. (Case No. 23-10405).

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. These risks are discussed more fully in the Risk Factors section of this Annual Report. These risks include the following:

•We are subject to risks and uncertainties associated with the Chapter 11 Cases.

•Our business could suffer from a long and protracted restructuring.

•In certain instances, a Chapter 11 case may be converted to a case under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code.

•As a result of the Chapter 11 Cases, our historical financial information will not be indicative of our future performance.

•We may be subject to claims that will not be discharged in the Chapter 11 Cases, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

•The Chapter 11 Cases will consume a substantial portion of the time and attention of our management, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and we may experience increased levels of employee attrition.

Table of Con tents

•We may be unable to comply with restrictions imposed by the DIP Credit Agreement (as defined herein).

•As a result of our initiation of the Chapter 11 Cases, the Nasdaq Stock Market has informed us of their intention to delist our common stock and warrants from trading, which would result in a more limited market and lack of liquidity for our securities.

•We will require additional financing to continue our operations and grow our business, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, would force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our operations, which could have the result of causing our business to fail and liquidating with little or no return to investors.

•Our losses from operations and liquidity conditions and the Company’s petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

•The success of our business will be highly dependent on our ability to effectively market and sell our launch services for small low Earth orbit (“LEO”) satellites at the needed cadence, our national security and defense services and space solutions, and to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues.

•The market for launch services for small LEO satellites and space solutions is not well established, is still emerging and may not achieve the growth potential at the price points we expect or may grow more slowly than expected.

•Our ability to grow our business depends on the successful operation and performance of our launch systems and related technology and our ability to introduce new enhancements or services in a timely manner, which are subject to many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.

•We may not be able to convert our contracted revenue or potential contracts into actual revenue.

•We routinely conduct hazardous operations when testing and launching our rockets, which could result in damage to property or persons. Unsatisfactory performance or failure of our rockets and related technology at launch or during operations could reduce customer confidence and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•If we are unable to adapt to and satisfy customer demands in a timely and cost-effective manner, or if we are unable to manufacture our rockets at a quantity and quality that our customers demand, our ability to grow our business may suffer.

•We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

•If we commercialize outside the United States, we will be exposed to a variety of risks associated with international operations that could materially and adversely affect our business.

Table of Con tents

Part I

Item 1. Business

Company Overview

We are a vertically integrated space company that provides customers dedicated and rideshare small-satellite launch capabilities. Our philosophy is to operate a mobile launch system that can launch “at any time, to any orbit, without warning.” Our vision is to use space to drive positive and lasting change on Earth, from connecting communities to advancing scientific initiatives; supporting America’s and other nations’ space presence, supporting the global space operations that enhance the way joint and coalition forces fight, and helping create the next generation of world-changing space technology.

Since our founding in 2017, we have invested in research and development efforts to develop a unique air-launch system, comprised of Cosmic Girl, a modified Boeing 747 aircraft, and the LauncherOne rocket. Cosmic Girl serves as a reusable mobile launch pad, carrying LauncherOne aloft, a two-stage rocket that is the world’s first and only liquid-fueled, air-launched rocket to reach orbit successfully. This mobile system allows us to serve a broad array of applications and end markets, providing customers with a highly differentiated solution to launch satellites relative to other existing small-satellite ground launch providers.

We believe there is near- and medium-term acceleration in the growth of the space market, driven by rapid advances in launch and satellite technology. As a result, there has been a proliferation of private sector space companies pursuing the growing demand for space solutions across multiple applications. There are numerous private small-satellite launch companies (focused on developing rockets to carry satellites of less than 1,000 kg to 500 km low Earth orbit), but to our knowledge, only five small-satellite launch providers in the U.S. have successfully delivered launch payloads to their intended orbits — Astra Space, Northrop Grumman, Rocket Lab, SpaceX, and Virgin Orbit. As one of the few proven small-satellite launch providers, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from these attractive industry tailwinds. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have successfully completed a total of four orbital launches since 2021. Although our latest launch attempt in January 2023 from Spaceport Cornwall, U.K. did not reach orbit, we believe that our successful launches demonstrate the efficacy of our launch system. With four completed orbital launches, we have delivered 33 satellites to their desired orbits with high precision. The Company intends to conduct future commercial launches from other locations.

By utilizing an air-launch system via Cosmic Girl and the LauncherOne rocket, we believe that we offer the agility, flexibility and responsiveness that small-satellite customers need to achieve their mission objectives. Our launches have delivered satellites to orbit for customers across commercial, civil and national security and defense markets, both domestically and internationally. Leveraging the successes from these launches, we have been able to secure approximately $192.1 million of binding agreements as of December 31, 2022.

We develop and manufacture our launch technology from a vertically-integrated manufacturing facility in Long Beach, California. We leverage advanced, state-of-the art manufacturing capabilities, including automation and additive manufacturing technologies.

Our diverse portfolio is organized across three core offerings:

•Commercial & Civil: We provide dedicated and rideshare launch services for commercial and civil customers, both from the United States and internationally. This offering also includes civil spaceports, where a foreign nation can buy or lease our mobile launch system ground equipment, aircraft and launch system to provide in-country launch capabilities, allowing these countries to become spacefaring through existing airport infrastructure.

•National Security and Defense: We provide national security launch and mission services to the U.S. and its allied Government customers, including the Space Force, Air Force and other agencies within the U.S. Department of Defense (the “DoD”) and the intelligence community. We also intend to offer government squadron services wherein the entire air-launch system will be a program of record sold to government customers who will own and operate the system directly, providing enhanced flexibility and responsiveness. Additionally, due to the distinct features of LauncherOne, which is itself a hypersonic system, we can also provide solutions for missile defense target applications and other key hypersonic research and development and demonstration activities.

•Space Solutions: Leveraging existing launch capabilities and our track record as a systems integrator, our plan is to provide end-to-end value-added services for Internet of Things (“IoT”) and discrete and integrated Earth Observation (“EO”) applications through the combination of agreements with satellite operators and a satellite

Table of Con tents

constellation we will own and operate. Using a satellite-as-a-service model, we expect to deploy our own satellites in the next few years to serve government and commercial customers, both domestically and internationally.

Recent Developments

Voluntary Petitions for Bankruptcy

On April 4, 2023 (the “Petition Date”), the Company and our domestic subsidiaries, Virgin Orbit National Systems, LLC, Vieco USA, Inc., Virgin Orbit, LLC and JACM Holdings, Inc. (together with the Company, the “Debtors”), commenced voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Bankruptcy Court”). The Chapter 11 proceedings are jointly administered under the caption In re Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc., et al. (Case No. 23-10405) (the “Chapter 11 Cases”). The Debtors continue to operate their business as “debtors-in-possession” under the jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court and in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and orders of the Bankruptcy Court. On April 5, 2023, the Debtors received interim approval of a variety of “first day” motions containing customary relief intended to assure the Debtors’ ability to continue their ordinary course operations.

For the duration of the of the Chapter 11 proceedings, our operations and our ability to develop and execute our business plan are subject to significant risks and uncertainties associated with Chapter 11 proceedings. As a result of these significant risks and uncertainties, our results of operations and management could be significantly different following the outcome of the Chapter 11 proceedings, and the description of our operations, properties and business and capital plans included in this Annual Report and the financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report may not accurately reflect our operations, properties and capital plans following the Chapter 11 proceedings.

Delisting of Common Stock and Warrants from Nasdaq

On April 4, 2023, we received a notification from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department notifying us of Nasdaq’s intention to delist the Company’s common stock and warrants as a result of the Company’s filing of a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code and that trading of the Company’s securities would be suspended effective at the opening of business on April 13, 2023. The Company has requested a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel to appeal Nasdaq’s determination to delist the Company’s securities. Trading of the Company’s securities will remain suspended pending the appeal process. Nasdaq will not take any action to delist the Company’s securities pending a final written decision by the Nasdaq Hearings Panel. There can be no assurance that our appeal will be successful.

Operational Pause and Workforce Reduction

Following an operational pause beginning on March 16, 2023, which we implemented in order to conserve capital while we explored potential fundraising transactions, on March 30, 2023, we announced a workforce reduction of approximately 675 employees, constituting approximately 85% of our workforce in order to reduce expenses in light of our inability to secure meaningful funding. Employees in all areas of the Company were impacted by the workforce reduction, which was substantially complete by April 3, 2023.

Current Operations

With our reduced workforce, we intend to conduct reduced rate operations during the pendency of the Chapter 11 Cases. We expect these operations will include continuing the final assembly and integration testing of the launch vehicle for our next launch, which is more than approximately 90% complete. If we are able to effectuate a successful restructuring or sale of our business through the Chapter 11 Cases, and subject to that timing, we would seek to conduct our next launch before the end of 2023, with a customer that is currently on contract for that launch. In addition, if we continue operations following the Chapter 11 Cases and assuming adequate capital resources, we would intend to increase our work force from the current level of approximately 100 employees to approximately 275 employees by the end of 2023. Thereafter in 2024, we would seek to increase our launch rate.

Industry Overview

We operate within the large and growing space economy, with the total addressable market for Virgin Orbit’s services expected to be $86.5 billion by 2030. This rapid growth is being driven by various factors, the most significant being the reduced costs for both launch and satellite manufacturing due to technological advancements. As a result, space solutions have proliferated across multiple end markets, including communications, maritime, logistics, and importantly, national security and defense.

Table of Con tents

Over the last decade, space technology has advanced on multiple fronts, including increases in satellite bandwidth and throughput, which allows for high-rate data transfer, utilization of consumer electronics and integrated circuit advancements allowing for miniaturization of satellite components, which reduces satellite developmental costs, and increases overall system efficiencies and expanded reach and global coverage from satellites in LEO. The private sector has played a meaningful role in the evolution of space technology, whereas historically innovation was almost entirely government-driven.

Space is viewed as crucial to national security and defense, as nations rely on space solutions for critical communications, precise location information, navigation capabilities and broader global monitoring. The U.S. Government and its allies are focused on maintaining and evolving space capabilities, while also thwarting anti-satellite rocket technologies that are being developed and tested by adversaries.

Our Products & Services Overview

We have a diverse portfolio of space offerings, spanning various end markets and applications. Our portfolio is organized into three main offerings, each leveraging our underlying launch technology and core capabilities.

Commercial & Civil

•Commercial & Civil Launch: Caters to the launch demands of commercial and civil customers both in the United States and international markets, including customers such as Arqit Ltd. (“Arqit”) and SatRev, S.A. (“SatRev”), and civil customers, such as NASA. We offer these customers dedicated, primary or secondary rideshare satellite launch services to any orbit with both timing and launch location flexibility given the mobility and responsiveness of our system. A dedicated launch is one in which the customer buys the entire launch payload (mass & volume). In a rideshare launch, there are several payload customers, including a primary rideshare customer (who determines the mission parameters) and secondary rideshare customer(s) whose payloads utilize the remaining mass and volume capacity not utilized by the primary. Dedicated and primary rideshare customers can inject their payloads directly into their desired orbits without the time loss associated with traveling from one orbit to another, thereby providing them the option to achieve an earlier revenue stream. Moreover, the architecture of the air-launch system is designed for a more reliable and agile launch cadence than the traditional ground-launch rideshare system adopted by many of our competitors such as SpaceX or Rocket Lab. The responsiveness of our system is also critical for supporting the operation and maintenance of satellite constellations in instances where a satellite malfunctions and needs urgent replacement.

•Civil Spaceports: The unique modularity of the LauncherOne system permits launches from any government licensed horizontal spaceport with a runway long enough to support a Boeing 747-400 aircraft. We leverage fully transportable GSE (ground-support equipment required for our launch operations) to eliminate the need for extensive infrastructure investments traditionally associated with ground launch applications. We are also in the process of bringing flexible launch for small-satellites to a global network of spaceports and countries across the world. We have conducted launch operations from Spaceport Cornwall at Cornwall Airport Newquay (NQY) in the U.K. and are currently seeking to commence launch operations at other locations, such as Oita Airport (OIT) in Japan and spaceports in Brazil and Australia, in the coming years. We are also in discussions with various other countries on the prospects of leveraging their existing aircraft runway infrastructure to adopt our spaceport product offering and develop in-country launch capabilities.

National Security

•National Security Launch and Squadron Services: Provides launch services for national security and defense customers such as the U.S. Government and its allies. We believe our launch system is particularly attractive to these customers because of its capability for anonymity; our ability to fly Cosmic Girl to, and launch from, different locations makes it difficult for our adversaries to predict timing and location of launch, as compared with a static ground-based launch pad, making it highly attractive for National Security customers that prioritize operation covertness. Moreover, the resiliency and responsiveness of the system is especially important should there be a need to replace critical satellites that go out of operation. We believe that our squadron services offering, in which we expect to deliver turnkey capability through the sale of equipment as well as services to the U.S. Government, is of increased interest as it facilitates the necessary capabilities for the Space Force to responsively and independently deploy appropriate assets against the U.S. Government’s adversaries, a previously non-existent capability.

Table of Con tents

•Missile Defense Targets and Hypersonic Applications: Hypersonics (high-speed systems or devices that travel at speeds over Mach 5) are a growing area of focus for the DoD, especially as several foreign nations race to build military capabilities in this area for offensive purposes. With our system’s ability to achieve hypersonic speeds and our deep connectivity within the DoD, we believe we are well-positioned to support and complement the various Hypersonic Training, Testing and Exercising (“TT&E”) activities and develop advanced defense mechanisms for the U.S. Government. As missile defense is a core part of the U.S. defense strategy, we believe LauncherOne is able to serve as a cost-effective alternative to expensive targets that are currently in use for research and development efforts by the Missile Defense Agency (“MDA”). We have an on-going contract with MDA to demonstrate the utility of LauncherOne for MDA target applications.

Space Solutions

•IoT Solutions: This solution seeks to provide end-to-end value-added services for the smart mobility and smart logistics sectors of the IoT market. Key areas of focus include:

◦Connected ship management: expected to track and monitor shipping assets across the globe in real-time and provide improved connectivity at sea;

◦Connected aircraft management: expected to track and monitor aircraft across the globe in real-time and provide improved connectivity in air;

◦Pipeline monitoring: expected to monitor pipeline status and potential leaks in real-time providing customers the opportunity to mitigate losses by proactively addressing issues in the system; and

◦Smart agriculture: expected to track and monitor weather and soil data for precision farming applications.

•EO Solutions: This solution seeks to develop multi-modal imaging offerings in an integrated suite including data collection methodologies such as Synthetic Aperture Radar, operational electronic intelligence, infrared-hyperspectral and electro-optical imagery techniques. We believe applications for this offering include maritime domain awareness, public safety, insurance, agriculture, mining, oil and gas.

Our Launch System

Through years of research and development, we have in place a proprietary system that enables us to provide key launch capabilities. This is comprised of:

•Cosmic Girl: Cosmic Girl is a modified Boeing 747-400 aircraft that serves as a reusable mobile launch platform. This allows our launch system to be fully mobile and to launch payloads into orbit with an unprecedented level of flexibility. The interior of the aircraft has been modified to support minimal maintenance requirements and the upper deck has been outfitted to support onboard launch operations with just two pilots and two launch engineers. One of the most important modifications is the pylon, which is used to carry the LauncherOne rocket up to approximately 35,000 feet where it is released for launch. Using Cosmic Girl as an aerial launch platform enables our rocket to be more efficient, benefiting from the initial altitude (35,000 feet), speed (approximately 85% of the speed of sound at launch) and aerodynamics (air density approximately 30% of sea level) as compared with a typical ground launch. We expect our future research and development efforts in this area will include the modification of a cargo Boeing 747 aircraft that would be a fully transportable, self-contained launch system that can carry the rocket, payloads and GSE to anywhere in the world.

•LauncherOne: LauncherOne is a two-stage rocket used to launch satellites into orbit. It is the world’s first and only liquid-fueled, air-launched rocket to reach orbit successfully. It is engineered for optimal performance in conjunction with Cosmic Girl and has the lowest launch cost per kilogram among small rocket ground launchers. The rocket, designed for simplicity, has an all-carbon composite design with liner-less tanks, thereby increasing system reliability and increasing production efficiency. With its one engine per stage design, the system has enhanced resilience. Our nearest competitor, Rocket Lab, has 11 engines versus our two. This is a key advantage for our system since engines have the highest risk of failure in a rocket. Our on-board autonomous range safety systems further enhance system reliability and eliminates the need for extensive ground safety infrastructure. LauncherOne is designed to carry payloads of up to approximately 300 kilograms, with expected future versions allowing for potential payloads of up to 500 kilograms.

Table of Con tents

Our Growth Strategy

We are subject to risks and uncertainties associated with the Chapter 11 Cases. In addition, the Chapter 11 Cases will consume a substantial portion of the time and attention of our management, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and we may experience increased levels of employee attrition. Our business could also suffer from a long and protracted restructuring. All of these factors could limit our ability to pursue growth strategies for our business in the near- to mid-term.

Customers

Through our four successful launches, we have been able to cater to domestic and international customers from each of our core focus sectors including: NASA, International Ministries of Defense (“MoDs”), U.S. DoD, U.S. intelligence community, and Commercial international constellation providers. Our commercial customers include satellite and constellation providers such as Arqit and SatRev. Our civil customers mostly fall within our spaceport offering and our launch offerings for civil space agencies, including NASA. We have also previously announced plans to launch from several spaceports.

Outside of spaceports, we provide dedicated launch services for space agencies. To-date, we have established a track record of successful launches for NASA and if we resume full-scale operations, we intend to expand to other national civil space agencies, particularly with governments that have space agencies but lack their own infrastructure for domestic space launch. We have also established relationships, deployed satellites, and have on-going contracts with numerous customers in the national security and defense sector, including the Space Force, the U.S. Air Force, the National Reconnaissance Office (“NRO”) and the MDA. Our current customer pipeline includes parties that have signed binding Launch Service Agreements (“LSAs”) or nonbinding MOUs and LOIs, or with whom there are proposals and contracts under negotiation with an internally calculated high probability of win (“Pwin”) rate. This pipeline has a broad range of domestic and international customers, including government and commercial entities. We are not dependent on any major customer or customers given our current diverse customer pipeline. However, there is no assurance that these customers will not make arrangements to launch with other providers given our current financial situation.

Sales & Marketing

If we resume full-scale operations, we will have to rebuild our sales and marketing team, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in recruiting and retaining professionals with relevant experience and relationships in our industry.

Manufacturing, Assembly and Launch Operations

Virgin Orbit is headquartered in Long Beach, CA, having a combined facility space of 195,000 square feet. The main building (Conant) is 151,000 square feet and houses office space and a large manufacturing floor and our second building (McGowen) is 44,000 square feet and houses training, customer experience, offices, payload processing and additional manufacturing space. Since moving in to the Long Beach facilities, we have invested significantly in our production facilities. The vast majority of our design, engineering, manufacturing, integration, assembly and test activities occur in our main building. The LauncherOne production and assembly line features state-of-the-art manufacturing equipment and custom-built test rigs. Our automated composites fabrication process enables us to build rocket tanks in days versus months. We also have a relationship with DMG MORI that allows us to leverage their advanced manufacturing technology helping reduce cycle time by up to 10 times for key components. Our operations are highly integrated, with over 80% of each rocket built in-house. As of date of this 10-K, there are five rockets in production and our facility has the tooling, processes and technology to support a production capacity up to 20 rockets annually. The factory is highly scalable with easy expansion of production capabilities through floor space addition and optimization and additional copies of key tooling.

Our McGowen building is located near our headquarters in Long Beach and houses our payload processing facility where our customers’ payloads are encapsulated after spacecraft receipt, inspection and testing are completed. The Virgin Orbit team conducts high-energy testing near the Mojave Air and Space Port in Mojave, California, where there are multiple custom-built test stands for liquid propulsion, composite tank, component, and overall stage testing. Acceptance testing for LauncherOne’s Newton family of engines occurs at our horizontal test stands, and stage tests are performed on vertical test stands.

Supply Chain

Our ability to manufacture and operate our rockets is dependent upon sufficient availability of raw materials and supplied components, including RP-1 (which is our rocket fuel) and hydrogen, helium, liquid oxygen and nitrogen, which are the gases used in our rockets.

Table of Con tents

We aim to obtain raw materials and components from reputable and reliable suppliers, following established internal quality control processes to source suppliers, considering quality, cost, delivery and lead-time. While we largely source raw materials and components from multiple sources, in some cases raw materials and components are sourced from a limited number of suppliers. In these situations, as we endeavor to diversify our supply chain, we manage this risk through using material requirements planning, including material forecasting and planning, safety stock, and bulk and advance buying with focused efforts on long-lead items.

Competition

Our main competitors fall into four categories:

•Established air-launch providers, with proof of delivering payloads into orbit, of which there is one known operational competitor, Northrop Grumman;

•Established vertical ground launch providers, with proof of delivering payloads into orbit, including SpaceX, United Launch Alliance, International Launch Services and Rocket Lab, as well as foreign space agencies such as Arianespace, Roscosmos (GK Launch Services), ISC Kosmotras, the Indian Space Research Organisation’s PSLV, Japan’s H-2 and H-3, the European Space Agency’s Vega and Astra Space, Inc. (which is currently on launch hiatus as it evaluates its business).

•Companies that are reported to have plans to provide launch vehicles that are capable of regularly delivering payloads into orbit, but that have not deployed an operational-payload to the intended orbit or launched successfully, including ABL, Relativity Space, Firefly Aerospace, Southern Launch and LandSpace; and

•Space solutions providers offering combined IoT and EO services, as well as a range of on-orbit services, such as BlackSky, Spire, Planet Labs, StarLink, OneWeb, Capella and China Spacesat.

We believe that our ability to compete successfully as a commercial provider of satellite launch services does and will depend on a number of factors, including:

•Flight track record, reliability and simplicity of launches;

•Launch technical performance;

•Responsiveness and ability to launch on demand;

•Environmental responsibility and reusability of the system;

•Ability to quickly grow market share and scale;

•Customer experience; and

•Price competitiveness and advantage.

We believe that we compete favorably on the basis of these factors.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part upon our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights, both in the United States and abroad, through a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well as through contractual protections with our customers and nondisclosure and invention assignment agreements with our consultants and employees, and we seek to control access to and distribution of our proprietary information through non-disclosure agreements with our supplier and business partners. Unpatented research, development and engineering skills make an important contribution to our business, and we will pursue patent protection when we believe it is possible and consistent with our overall strategy for safeguarding intellectual property.

Trademark License Agreement and Debrand Agreement

Under a Trade Mark License Agreement (the “TMLA”) between Virgin Orbit and Virgin Enterprises Limited (“VEL”), an entity affiliated with Virgin Investments Limited (“VIL” or “Parent Company”), we had certain exclusive and non-exclusive rights to use the name and brand “Virgin Orbit” and the Virgin signature logo, subject to certain reserved rights and pre-existing licenses granted by VEL to third parties, in consideration of our payment of quarterly royalties to VEL. In addition, for the term of the TMLA, to the extent the Virgin Group did not otherwise have a right to place a director on the Board, such as the right of VIL to designate directors to the Board under the Stockholders’ Agreement, under the TMLA,

Table of Con tents

we agreed to provide VEL with the right to appoint one director to the Board (provided the designee is qualified to serve on the Board under all applicable corporate governance policies and regulatory and Nasdaq requirements).

The TMLA also contained, among other things, customary indemnification provisions in favor of VEL, representations and warranties made by us, information rights of VEL and restrictions on our and our affiliates’ ability to apply for or obtain registration for any intellectual property similar to that licensed to us pursuant to the TMLA. Furthermore, VEL is generally responsible for the protection, maintenance and enforcement of the licensed intellectual property, including the Virgin brand.

On April 2, 2023, in connection with the Company’s entry into the DIP Credit Agreement with VIL, we entered into a Termination and Debrand Agreement (the “Debrand Agreement”) with VEL, pursuant to which the TMLA was terminated as of April 2, 2023 (the “Termination Date”). Following the Termination Date, all rights licensed under the TMLA in relation to the use of the Marks (as defined in the TMLA) will, subject to agreed run-off periods contemplated in the Debrand Agreement and in the Debranding Plan (as defined in the Debrand Agreement), immediately and permanently revert to VEL. Pursuant to the Debrand Agreement, we agreed with VEL to, as soon as possible after the Termination Date, carry out a Debranding Plan with respect to the marks, rights and other matters subject to the TMLA. We are not required to change our corporate name, and are permitted to use such marks and rights, until the earlier of the closing of a sale of the Company or the effective date of a Chapter 11 plan.

Human Capital Management

To date, we have not experienced any work stoppages as a result of labor disputes. Our employees are not subject to collective bargaining agreements.

We offer industry-leading benefits and programs to address the diverse needs of our employees and their families, including access to excellent healthcare choices, opportunities for career growth and development, and resources to support their financial health.

We are committed to supporting protected labor rights, maintaining an open culture and listening to all employees. Supporting healthy and open dialogue is central to how we work, and we communicate information to our employees about the Company through multiple internal channels.

We are committed to making diversity, equity, and inclusion part of what we do and we are committed to growing a workforce that is representative of the customers we serve and community in which we operate.

We have created Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”) focusing on veteran status, family & parental support, women empowerment, race & ethnicity, gender identity and sexual orientation, and more, to see that the needs and opinions of our employees are heard and addressed. In 2022, four new ERGs were created, resulting in a total of seven across the company, encouraging all of our entire employee population to be members of an ERG.

We select our partners and staffing carefully, with expectations of all parties involved in our supply chain to ensure a safe and ethical work environment for all. We continually make improvements to our policies and procedures to promote a respectful and positive working environment for everyone — employees, suppliers and temporary staff alike.

We have established goals to increase the number of employees from underrepresented groups to help achieve, at a minimum, industry average representation across these groups. At least twice each year we review base compensation across objective factors (including level, years of experience, education and performance) to maintain a constant focus on lessening and closing any pay gaps, especially focused on women and people of color.

We comply with the new Pay Transparency Law in the state of California, choosing to include this transparency across all work locations, whether required by that state or not. The law provides that reasonable pay ranges are posted on every requisition, and employees may request the reasonable range for their current position as well. This transparency is also expected to drive increased pay equity, promoting an open and honest conversation about pay, qualifications and skills and equal treatment for all internal employees and candidates.

Table of Con tents

Governmental Regulation

Federal Aviation Administration

The regulations, policies and guidance issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) apply to the use and operation of the LauncherOne system. Once a notification of intent to launch is transmitted to FAA, the FAA’s commercial space transportation requirements apply. Operators of launch vehicles are required to have proper licenses, permits and authorizations from the FAA and comply with the FAA’s insurance requirements for third-party liability and government property. While Cosmic Girl is currently registered with the FAA, in the event of a change in ownership, the FAA license will be updated with current information. In that instance, once any such new vehicle registration applications are filed, the applications will serve as registrations until the FAA issues the new vehicle registrations, which will allow operations to continue during that period.

When not operating in a launch mode (Cosmic Girl and a fully-loaded LauncherOne), Cosmic Girl is regulated under an Experimental Airworthiness Certificate by the FAA. The FAA is responsible for the regulation and oversight of matters relating to experimental aircraft, the control of navigable air space, the qualification of flight personnel, flight training practices, compliance with FAA aircraft certification and maintenance, and other matters affecting air safety and operations.

Failure to comply with the FAA’s aviation or space transportation regulations may result in civil penalties or private lawsuits, or the suspension or revocation of licenses or permits, which would prevent operating the LauncherOne system. Internationally, similar requirements exist for airworthiness, installation and operational approvals. These requirements are generally administered by the national aviation authorities of each country.

Informed Consent and Waiver

Commercial spaceflight operations and any third-party claims that arise from operation of spaceflights are subject to federal laws governing informed consents and waivers of claims.

Our launch system utilizes pilots and launch engineers on Cosmic Girl during a launch operation. Per federal regulation 14 CFR §460.9, Virgin Orbit is required to have all flight crew members (pilots and launch engineers) sign an informed consent stating that “The United States Government has not certified the launch vehicle and any reentry vehicle as safe for carrying flight crew or space flight participants.” Virgin Orbit holds these consent forms and transmits them to FAA-AST.

Per federal regulation 14 CFR §440 Appendix B, Virgin Orbit is also required to obtain a Waiver of Claims from the payload provider and U.S. Government. This form will waive and release claims between Virgin Orbit, the payload provider, and the U.S. Government. All operators with an FAA-license for commercial launches and reentries are covered by this federal indemnification and are required to carry insurance in amounts up to the maximum probable loss level likely to occur in an accident subject to a cap. In the instance of a catastrophic loss, U.S. law provides that the federal government will pay up to $3.0 billion to indemnify the operator above the maximum probable loss level.

International Traffic in Arms Regulations and Export Controls

Our launch services business is subject to, and we must comply with, stringent U.S. import and export control laws, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (the “ITAR”) and the Export Administration Regulations (the “EAR”). The ITAR generally restricts the export of hardware, software, technical data, and services that have defense or strategic applications. The EAR similarly regulates the export of hardware, software, and technology that has commercial or “dual-use” applications (i.e., for both military and commercial applications) or that have less sensitive military or space-related applications that are not subject to the ITAR. The regulations exist to advance the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States.

The U.S. Government agencies responsible for administering the ITAR and the EAR have significant discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these regulations. The agencies also have significant discretion in approving, denying, or conditioning authorizations to engage in controlled activities. Such decisions are influenced by the U.S. Government’s commitments to multilateral export control regimes, particularly the Missile Technology Control Regime with respect to the spaceflight business.

Many different types of internal controls and efforts are required to ensure compliance with such export control rules. In particular, we are required to maintain a registration under the ITAR; determine the proper licensing jurisdiction and classification of products, software and technology; and obtain licenses or other forms of U.S. Government authorizations to engage in activities, including the performance of services for foreign persons, related to and that support our launch services business. The authorization requirements include the need to get permission to release controlled technology to foreign person employees and other foreign persons. The inability to secure and maintain necessary licenses and other authorizations could negatively affect our ability to compete successfully or to operate our launch services business as

Table of Con tents

planned. Any changes in the export control regulations or U.S. Government licensing policy, such as that necessary to implement U.S. Government commitments to multilateral control regimes, may restrict our operations.

Failures by us to comply with export control laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal penalties, fines, investigations, more onerous compliance requirements, loss of export privileges, debarment from government contracts, or limitations on our ability to enter into contracts with the U.S. Government.

Environmental, Health and Safety Matters

We are subject to various Environmental, Health and Safety (“EHS”) laws and regulations, including but not limited to laws and regulations relating to air emissions, water use and discharge, waste management, wildlife and natural resource protection, and workplace safety. While compliance costs for such laws has not historically been material, there can be no guarantee that this will continue in future. For more information, see our risk factor titled “We are subject to environmental regulation and may incur substantial costs.”

Corporate Information and Development

We were initially formed on January 11, 2021 as a Cayman Islands exempted company (“NextGen”) and formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. From the time of our formation to the time of the Closing, our name was “NextGen Acquisition Corp. II”.

On August 22, 2021, we entered into a merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”) with Pulsar Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of NextGen (“Merger Sub”), and Vieco USA, Inc. (“Vieco USA”). On December 29, 2021, the date on which Virgin Orbit consummated the transaction that resulted in its business becoming a public company (the “Closing”), as contemplated by the Merger Agreement and following approval by our shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting held December 28, 2021:

•we filed a notice of deregistration with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies, together with the necessary accompanying documents, and filed a certificate of incorporation and a certificate of corporate domestication with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, under which NextGen was domesticated and continues as a Delaware corporation, changing its name to “Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc.” (the “Domestication”);

•all outstanding shares of Vieco USA common stock as of immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, and, together with shares of Vieco USA common stock reserved in respect of options to purchase shares of Vieco USA common stock (the “Vieco USA Options”) outstanding as of immediately prior to the Closing (exclusive of any Vieco USA Options that have an exercise price per share that is equal to or greater than the per share merger consideration of $12.50, which were cancelled without consideration) that were converted into awards based on our common stock, were cancelled in exchange for the right to receive, or the reservation of, an aggregate of 310,000,000 shares of common stock (at a deemed value of $10.00 per share), which, in the case of Vieco USA Options, were shares underlying awards based on common stock, representing a fully-diluted pre-transaction equity value of Vieco USA of $3.1 billion; and

•Merger Sub was merged with and into Vieco USA, with Vieco USA surviving the merger as our wholly owned subsidiary (the “Business Combination” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”).

In connection with the Business Combination:

•each of the then issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, of NextGen (“Class A ordinary shares”) converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Virgin Orbit (the “common stock”);

•each of the then issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, of NextGen (“Class B ordinary shares”) converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of common stock;

•each then issued and outstanding warrant of NextGen converted automatically into a warrant to acquire one share of common stock, pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2021, between NextGen and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (the “Warrant Agreement”); and

•each of the then issued and outstanding units of NextGen that had not been previously separated into the underlying Class A ordinary shares and underlying warrants upon the request of the holder thereof (the “units”) were cancelled and entitled the holder thereof to one share of common stock and one-fifth of one warrant. No fractional warrants were issued upon separation of the units.

Table of Con tents

Available Information

Our website address is www.virginorbit.com. The contents of, or information accessible through, our website are not part of this Annual Report. We make our filings with the SEC, including our Annual Report, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, as well as beneficial ownership filings available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov.

We may use our website as a distribution channel of material information about us. Financial and other important information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible through the Investor Information sections of website at www.investors.virginorbit.com.

The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on or available through our website, and you should not consider such information to be a part of this Annual Report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the risks and uncertainties discussed above under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” you should carefully consider the specific risks set forth herein. If any of these risks actually occur, it may materially harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. As a result, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Trading prices for our common stock may bear little or no relationship to the actual recovery, if any, by holders of our common stock in the Chapter 11 Cases. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes to the financial statements included herein.

Risks Related to the Chapter 11 Cases

We caution that trading in the Company’s securities during the pendency of the Chapter 11 Cases is highly speculative and poses substantial risks. Trading prices for the Company’s securities may bear little or no relationship to the actual recovery, if any, by holders of the Company’s securities in Chapter 11 proceedings.

We are subject to risks and uncertainties associated with the Chapter 11 Cases.

On April 4, 2023, the Debtors filed voluntary petitions commencing the Chapter 11 Cases under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Court. The Debtors continue to operate their business as “debtors-in-possession” under the jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court and in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and orders of the Bankruptcy Court.

The Chapter 11 Cases could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. So long as the Chapter 11 Cases continue, our senior management may be required to spend a significant amount of time and effort dealing with the reorganization instead of focusing on our business operations. Bankruptcy Court protection also may make it more difficult to retain management and the key personnel necessary to the success and growth of our business. In addition, during the period of time we remain subject to the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code in the Chapter 11 Cases, our customers and vendors may lose confidence in our ability to reorganize our business successfully and may seek to establish alternative commercial relationships.

Other significant risks include or relate to the following: our ability to obtain the Bankruptcy Court’s approval with respect to motions or other requests made to the Bankruptcy Court in the Chapter 11 Cases, including maintaining strategic control as debtors-in-possession:

•the effects of the filing of the Chapter 11 Cases on our business and the interest of various constituents, including our stockholders;

•our ability to consummate one or more sale transactions for our business or assets;

•the high costs of Chapter 11 Cases and related fees;

•our ability to maintain relationships with vendors, customers, employees and other third parties as a result of the Chapter 11 Cases;

Table of Con tents

•Bankruptcy Court rulings in the Chapter 11 Cases as well as the outcome of all other pending litigation and the outcome of the Chapter 11 Cases in general;

•the length of time that we will operate with Chapter 11 protection and the continued availability of operating capital during the pendency of the proceedings;

•third-party motions in the Chapter 11 Cases;

•the potential adverse effects of the Chapter 11 Cases on our liquidity and results of operations; and

•our ability to continue as a going concern.

Because of the risks and uncertainties associated with the Chapter 11 Cases, we may not be able to accurately predict or quantify the ultimate impact the Chapter 11 Cases may have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations, nor can we accurately predict the ultimate impact the Chapter 11 Cases may have on our corporate or capital structure.

Our business could suffer from a long and protracted restructuring.

Our future results are dependent upon a successful sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets and/or confirmation and implementation of a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization or liquidation (“a Chapter 11 plan”). A long period of operations under Bankruptcy Court protection could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and suppliers, customers and other counterparties may not want to do business with us while we are in bankruptcy. Failure to obtain confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan in a timely manner may harm our ability to finance adequately our operations, and there is a significant risk that the value of the Company would be substantially eroded to the detriment of all stakeholders. If a Chapter 11 plan that complies with the applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code cannot be confirmed, it is possible that we would have to liquidate our assets, in which case it is likely that holders of claims would receive substantially less favorable treatment than they would receive if we were to emerge as a viable, reorganized entity.

For as long as the Chapter 11 Cases continue, we will be required to incur substantial costs for professional fees and other expenses associated with the administration of the Chapter 11 Cases. On April 5, 2023, we received interim approval by the Bankruptcy Court to, among other things, enter into the DIP Credit Agreement to fund operations and various other uses in accordance with the DIP Credit Agreement and Bankruptcy Court order. Approval of the DIP Credit Agreement remains subject to final approval by the Bankruptcy Court. If we are unable to obtain such financing on favorable terms or at all, our chances of successfully reorganizing our business may be seriously jeopardized, the likelihood that we instead will be required to liquidate our assets may be enhanced, and, as a result, any securities in us could become further devalued or become worthless.

There can be no assurance of whether, or when, we will be able to successfully implement a Chapter 11 plan or a sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets.

Even if a Chapter 11 plan is confirmed and implemented, our operating results may be adversely affected by the possible reluctance of prospective lenders, suppliers and other counterparties to do business with a company that recently emerged from bankruptcy proceedings.

In certain instances, a Chapter 11 case may be converted to a case under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code.

Upon a showing of cause, the Bankruptcy Court may convert our Chapter 11 case to a case under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. In such event, a Chapter 7 trustee would be appointed or elected to liquidate our assets for distribution in accordance with the priorities established by the Bankruptcy Code. We believe that liquidation under Chapter 7 would result in significantly smaller distributions being made to our creditors than those provided for in a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization because of (i) the likelihood that the assets would have to be sold or otherwise disposed of in a distressed fashion over a short period of time rather than in a controlled manner and as a going concern, (ii) additional administrative expenses involved in the appointment of a Chapter 7 trustee, and (iii) additional expenses and claims, some of which would be entitled to priority, that would be generated during the liquidation and from the rejection of leases and other executory contracts in connection with a cessation of operations.

Table of Con tents

As a result of the Chapter 11 Cases, our historical financial information will not be indicative of our future performance.

During the Chapter 11 Cases, we expect our financial results to continue to be volatile as restructuring activities and expenses, contract terminations and rejections, and claims assessments significantly impact our consolidated financial statements. As a result, our historical financial performance is likely not indicative of our financial performance after the date of the filing of the Chapter 11 Cases. In addition, if we emerge from Chapter 11, the amounts reported in subsequent consolidated financial statements may materially change relative to our historical consolidated financial statements. We also may be required to adopt fresh start accounting, in which case our assets and liabilities will be recorded at fair value as of the fresh start reporting date, which may differ materially from the recorded values of assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Our financial results after the application of fresh start accounting may be different from historical trends.

We may be subject to claims that will not be discharged in the Chapter 11 Cases, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Bankruptcy Code provides that the confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan discharges a debtor from substantially all debts arising prior to consummation of such plan. With few exceptions, all claims that arose prior to April 4, 2023 or before consummation of a Chapter 11 plan (i) would be subject to compromise and/or treatment under such plan and/or (ii) would be discharged in accordance with the Bankruptcy Code and the terms of such plan. Any claims not ultimately discharged pursuant to the plan of reorganization could be asserted against the reorganized entities and may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations on a post-reorganization basis.

The Chapter 11 Cases will consume a substantial portion of the time and attention of our management, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and we may experience increased levels of employee attrition.

While the Chapter 11 Cases continue, our management will be required to spend a significant amount of time and effort focusing on the Chapter 11 Cases instead of focusing exclusively on our business operations. This diversion of attention may materially adversely affect the conduct of our business, and, as a result, our financial condition and results of operations, particularly if the Chapter 11 Cases are protracted.

Furthermore, during the pendency of the Chapter 11 Cases, we may experience increased levels of employee attrition, and our employees may face considerable distraction and uncertainty. A loss of key personnel or material erosion of employee morale could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our ability to engage, motivate and retain key employees or take other measures intended to motivate and incentivize key employees to remain with us through the pendency of the Chapter 11 Cases is limited by restrictions on implementation of incentive programs under the Bankruptcy Code. The loss of services of members of our senior management team could impair our ability to execute our strategy and implement operational initiatives, which would be likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. In addition, the longer the Chapter 11 Cases continue, the more likely it is that vendors and employees will lose confidence in our ability to reorganize our business successfully.

We may be unable to comply with restrictions imposed by the DIP Credit Agreement.

The availability of borrowings under our DIP Credit Agreement will be essential to our ability to fund our operations during the Chapter 11 Cases.

If the DIP Credit Agreement is approved by the Bankruptcy Court on a final basis as proposed, it will impose a number of restrictions on us, contains various customary events of default and requires us to meet certain milestones for the progress of the Chapter 11 Cases. Our ability to comply with these provisions may be affected by events beyond our control and our failure to comply could result in an event of default under the DIP Credit Agreement. If we violate any provisions of the DIP Credit Agreement that are not cured or waived within the appropriate time periods provided therein, our DIP Financing may become immediately due and payable and our lenders’ commitment to make further loans to us may terminate. We might not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make any accelerated payments.

As a result of our initiation of the Chapter 11 Cases, the Nasdaq Stock Market has informed us of their intention to delist our common stock and warrants from trading, which will result in a more limited market and lack of liquidity for our securities.

Table of Con tents

The delisting of our common stock could result in significantly lower trading volumes and reduced liquidity for investors seeking to buy or sell shares of our common stock. Following delisting from the Nasdaq Global Market, our common stock may be quoted on the OTC Pink Marketplace, which may have an unfavorable impact on our stock price and liquidity. The OTC Pink Marketplace is a significantly more limited market than Nasdaq. The quotation of our shares on such marketplace may result in a less liquid market available for existing and potential stockholders to trade shares of our common stock, could further depress the trading price of our common stock, and could have a long-term adverse impact on our ability to raise capital in the future. There can be no assurance that there will be an active market for our shares of common stock, either now or in the future, or that stockholders will be able to liquidate their investment or liquidate it at a price that reflects the value of the business. The Company cautions that trading in the Company’s common stock during the pendency of the Chapter 11 Cases is highly speculative and poses substantial risks. Trading prices for the Company’s common stock may bear little or no relationship to the actual recovery, if any, by holders of the Company’s common stock in the Chapter 11 Cases. Accordingly, we urge extreme caution with respect to existing and future investments in our equity and other securities.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We will require additional financing to continue our operations and grow our business, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, would force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our operations, which could have the result of causing our business to fail and liquidating with little or no return to investors.

We only began commercial launch operations in 2021 and have been dependent on cash flows from financing activities to fund our operations. Our cash and cash equivalents were $51.2 million as of December 31, 2022, and we will require additional financing in order to continue and expand our operations and grow our business. If we are not able to obtain sufficient additional financing, our business may fail, and we may be forced to liquidate with little or no return to investors.

Our ability to generate profit will depend on our ability to grow our operations and drive operational efficiencies in our business to generate better margins. Assuming we have access to adequate capital to fund our operating plan, we expect our operating expenses to increase over the next several years as we increase the number of our launches each year, continue to attempt to streamline our manufacturing process, hire additional employees, increase marketing efforts, expand our sales resources, expand our commercial and civil operations, national security and defense services, including franchise spaceports and dedicated aircraft for military use, and space solutions and continue research and development efforts relating to new products and technologies. These efforts may be more costly than we expect, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these expenses or realize the benefits we anticipate. Any failure to increase our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses could prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability or positive cash flow. Our future growth and operating performance may fail to meet investor or analyst expectations, or we may have future negative cash flow or losses resulting from our investment in acquiring customers or expanding our operations. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise.

Additional factors may further accelerate our need for additional financing, including if our revenues are lower than expected, or if our costs and expenses on a go-forward basis are higher than expected; furthermore, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors, including those currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, in each case, through public or private equity, debt financings or other sources. We may sell equity securities or debt securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner as we may determine from time to time. If we sell any such securities in subsequent transactions, our current investors may be materially diluted. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and could reduce our operational flexibility or profitability. Our management continues to monitor market conditions and pursue additional sources of capital.

Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, and any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop, enhance or operate our launch services, improve our operating infrastructure, acquire complementary businesses and technologies, or develop and expand marketing and sales resources or engage in commercialization efforts. Furthermore, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations. If adequate funds are not available on a timely or reasonable basis, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and development, operations or commercialization efforts. We

Table of Con tents

could be forced to sell or dispose of certain of our rights or assets. Any inability to raise adequate funds on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including the possibility that a lack of funds could cause our business to fail and liquidate with little or no return to investors.

Our losses from operations, liquidity conditions and the Chapter 11 Cases raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our cash and cash equivalents was $51.2 million and $194.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and as of December 31, 2022, we have not generated positive cash flows from our operations or generated sufficient revenues to provide sufficient cash flows to enable us to finance our operations. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $1,011.6 million as of December 31, 2022, and we expect to continue to incur net losses. In addition, on April 4, 2023, we filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. For the duration of the Chapter 11 Cases, our operations and our ability to develop and execute our business plan are subject to significant risks and uncertainties associated with Chapter 11 Cases. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. Our independent registered public accounting firm, in its report on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, has also expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on, among other things, our ability to generate cash flows from operations and find additional sources of funding through either equity offerings, debt financings, or a combination of any such transactions, and on our ability to, subject to the Bankruptcy Court’s approval, implement a plan of reorganization. Management’s plans to mitigate an expected shortfall of capital to support future operations include expanding commercial operations, raising additional funds through borrowings or additional sales of securities or other sources, and managing our working capital may not overcome or alleviate the substantial doubt that was raised. However, there is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us or whether we will become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow. In addition, there can be no assurance that the plan of reorganization or liquidation will be confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court and consummated. If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital, our operations and production plans may be scaled back or curtailed. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to the Company or is unable to implement a plan of reorganization or liquidation, there is substantial doubt that the Company will be able to continue as a going concern. If the foregoing plans are unsuccessful and we are unable to continue as a going concern, you could lose all or part of your investment in the Company.

If we resume full-scale operations, the success of our business will be highly dependent on our ability to effectively market and sell our launch services for small LEO satellites at the needed cadence, our national security and defense services and space solutions, and to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues.

We have generated only limited revenue from launching payloads, and we expect that our success will be highly dependent, especially in the foreseeable future, on our ability to effectively market and sell our launch services for small LEO satellites at the needed cadence. We expect that our success will also be highly dependent on our ability to effectively market and sell our launch services in connection with national security and defense services, such as missile defense targets and hypersonic applications, and End to End Tactically Responsive Launch and Space. We have limited experience in marketing and selling such services and applications, and if we are unable to utilize our current or future sales organization effectively in order to adequately target and engage our potential customers, our business may be adversely affected. We also expect to expand our marketing services as part of our expansion in the near future. There can be no assurance that our investment in this regard will be successful or result in revenue growth.

We also expect that our success will be highly dependent on our ability to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues. We have received interest from a wide range of customers across various satellite applications or use cases, both in the public and private sectors. Our contracted revenues and our estimated pipeline may not fully convert into actual revenues because a majority of our customers have the right to terminate their launch service agreements if our launches are delayed beyond a specified period or if we do not achieve certain milestones. We may experience delays or we may not meet these milestones, in which case the value of our contracted revenues may be significantly lower than our current estimates. Additionally, if we are unable to keep up with the demand for our launch services from a production and delivery perspective, we may not be in a position to deliver on our contracted revenues or our pipeline of potential contracts. Customers may also experience defaults or bankruptcies, which may impact our ability to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2020, our revenues were impacted by the bankruptcy of our largest commercial customer. See Part IV. Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for further details.

Table of Con tents

We remain in active discussions with potential customers and anticipate an increase in contracted revenue as the small-satellite and satellite constellation markets and demand for national security and defense services and space solutions, such as IoT services, continue to develop. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers in a cost-effective manner. Notwithstanding our estimated contracted revenue, we expect that we will need to make significant investments in order to attract new customers. Our sales growth is dependent upon our ability to implement strategic initiatives, and these initiatives may not be effective in generating sales growth. In addition, marketing campaigns, which we have not historically utilized, can be expensive and may not result in the acquisition of customers in a cost-effective manner, if at all. Further, as our brand becomes more widely known, future marketing campaigns or brand content may not attract new customers at the same rate as past campaigns or brand content.

We may be unable to attract new customers or our number of customers may decline materially or fluctuate as a result of many factors, including, among other things:

•dissatisfaction with the quality of, or pricing of, our launch services or with changes we make to our launch services;

•competition in the launch services industry;

•lack of performance on existing programs may affect our ability to capture additional business with key government customers;

•negative publicity related to our brand;

•lack of market acceptance of our business model, particularly in new geographies where we seek to expand such as the United Kingdom, Brazil and Japan;

•changes to government defense spending levels; or

•the unpredictable nature of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its variants or a future outbreak of disease or similar public health concern.

In addition, if we are unable to provide high-quality support to customers or help resolve issues in a timely and acceptable manner, our ability to attract and retain customers could be adversely affected. If we are unable to attract new customers or retain existing customers for any of these reasons among others, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed.

The market for launch services for small LEO satellites and space solutions is not well established, is still emerging and may not achieve the growth potential at the price points we expect or may grow more slowly than expected.

The market for launch services for small LEO satellites and space solutions, such as IoT services, is not yet well established and is still emerging. Our estimates for the total addressable launch market and satellite market are based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, including our contracted revenue, the number of potential customers who have expressed interest in our services, assumed prices and production costs for our rockets, assumed launch cadence, our ability to leverage our current manufacturing and operational processes and general market conditions. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates are reasonable, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct and the conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors. As a result, our estimates of the annual total addressable market for our services, as well as the expected growth rate and price points for the total addressable market for our services, may prove to be incorrect.

If we resume full-scale operations, our ability to grow our business depends on the successful operation and performance of our launch systems and related technology and our ability to introduce new enhancements or services in a timely manner, which are subject to many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.

Subject to our ability to obtain additional financing to fund our operations, our current forecasts depend on our ability to make further enhancements to our rockets design and specifications, including our ability to make further cost reductions and increases to the efficiency of our rockets, for example, through increases in rocket payload capacity. If we do not complete these enhancements in our anticipated timeframes or at all, our ability to grow our business will be adversely affected. The successful enhancement of our launch systems and development of related technology involves many uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control, including:

•timing of finalizing launch systems enhancements;

Table of Con tents

•our ability to obtain additional applicable approvals, licenses or certifications from regulatory agencies, if required, and maintaining current approvals, licenses or certifications;

•performance of our manufacturing facilities despite risks that disrupt productions, such as natural disasters and hazardous materials;

•performance of a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components;

•performance of our third-party contractors that support our research and development activities;

•our ability to maintain rights from third parties for intellectual properties critical to our research and development activities;

•our ability to maintain sufficient financing to fund our planned operations and capital expenditures;

•our ability to continue funding and maintain our current research and development activities; and

•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its variants on us, our customers, suppliers and distributors, and the global economy.

Furthermore, the development of space solutions with partners will require leveraging our existing launch capabilities and our track record as a systems integrator to offer smart mobility and smart logistics services and data analytics. If we are unable to introduce these new enhancements, services or leverage our capabilities in a timely and cost-effective manner, our sales, profitability and our ability to grow our business could be adversely impacted.

If we resume full-scale operations, we may not be able to convert our contracted revenue or potential contracts into actual revenue.

We expect that our success will be highly dependent on our ability to convert contracted revenues and our pipeline of potential contracts into actual revenues. Our contracted revenues and our estimated pipeline may not fully convert into actual revenues because a majority of our customers has the right to terminate their launch service agreements if we do not achieve certain milestones, such as the timely completion of project reviews, or other termination rights stemming from launch delays. We may experience delays or we may not meet these milestones, in which case the value of our contracted revenues may be significantly lower than our current estimates. Additionally, we may determine not to consummate a binding business relationship with a counterparty with whom we only have a non-binding letter of intent or memorandum of understanding. We remain in active discussions with potential customers and anticipate an increase in contracted revenue as the markets for small-satellite launch, satellite constellations, national security and defense services and space solutions continue to develop.

Some of our existing launch service agreements include provisions allowing the customers to terminate the contracts for convenience, with a termination penalty for at least the amounts already paid, or to terminate the contracts for cause (for example, if we do not achieve certain milestones on a timely basis). If any of our significant launch service agreements is terminated and not replaced, our results of operations may differ materially and adversely from those anticipated. In addition, our contracts with government customers often contain provisions with additional rights and remedies favorable to such customers that are not typically found in commercial contracts. As a result, we may not receive some revenue from these orders, and any contracted revenue we report may not be indicative of our future actual revenue.

Many events may cause a delay in our ability to fulfil our existing or future orders, or cause planned launches not to be completed at all, some of which may be out of our control, including unexpected weather patterns, maintenance issues, technical issues, natural disasters, changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals or applications or other events that force us to cancel or reschedule launches, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We routinely conduct hazardous operations when testing and launching our rockets, which could result in damage to property or persons. Unsatisfactory performance or failure of our rockets and related technology at launch or during operations could reduce customer confidence and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We manufacture and operate highly sophisticated launch systems that depend on complex technology. While we have built operational processes to ensure that the design, manufacture, performance and servicing of our launch systems meet rigorous quality standards, there can be no assurance that we will not experience operational or process failures and other problems, including through manufacturing or design defects, human error, cyber-attacks or other intentional acts, that could result in potential safety risks. We experienced a launch failure and anomaly on January 9, 2023 due to mechanical reasons that remain under formal investigation by the appropriate teams within the Company as well as all necessary

Table of Con tents

external parties in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Following the launch failure, there was an immediate effect on our share price. This launch failure and any future launch failures or system malfunctions could raise substantial doubt among investors, current customers and potential customers regarding our capacity to fulfill our business objectives. Any actual or perceived safety issues may result in significant reputational harm to our businesses, including the loss of customer confidence in our business, in addition to tort liability, maintenance, increased safety infrastructure and other costs that may arise.

Such issues with our launch systems could result in delaying or cancelling planned launches, increased regulation or other systemic consequences. In particular, given the importance of Cosmic Girl for our launch operations, if an anomaly or defect were to be detected in Cosmic Girl, which would delay use of the aircraft, we would not be able to provide launch services for a significant amount of time. Likewise, damage to or unexpected and prolonged maintenance of Cosmic Girl would impact our launch cadence until repair, replacement or maintenance is completed.

Our inability to meet our safety standards or adverse publicity affecting our reputation as a result of accidents, mechanical failures, or damages to customer payloads could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to adapt to and satisfy customer demands in a timely and cost-effective manner, or if we are unable to manufacture our rockets at a quantity and quality that our customers demand, our ability to grow our business may suffer.

Continuing our operations depends in part on effectively managing and maintaining our launch services, manufacturing additional rockets and satellites, conducting a sufficient number of launches to meet customer demand and providing customers with an experience that meets or exceeds their expectations. Even if we succeed in developing rockets consistent with our targeted timeline, we could thereafter fail to develop the ability to produce these rockets at quantity with a quality management system that ensures that each unit performs as required or could fail to anticipate and respond in a timely and cost-effective manner to changes in market preferences. Any delay in our ability to produce rockets at our expected rate of production and with a reliable quality management system could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any event or circumstance resulting in reduced market acceptance of our launch services could reduce our sales. Unanticipated shifts in market preferences may also result in excess inventory and underutilized manufacturing capacity. For example, a market shift away from IoT services could result in significantly less space solutions demand and therefore reduced demand for our launch services.

In addition, if our current or future launch services do not meet expected performance or quality standards, this could cause operational delays. Further, launch operations within restricted airspace require advance scheduling and coordination with government agencies, range owners and other users, and any high priority national defense assets will have priority in the use of these resources, which may impact our cadence of our launch operations or could result in cancellations or rescheduling. Any operational or manufacturing delays or other unplanned changes to our ability to conduct our launches could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our workforce reduction or other actions we take to conserve cash and fund our operations may not achieve our intended outcome.

On March 16, 2023, we implemented an operational pause in order to conserve capital while we explored potential fundraising transactions. As a result of our inability to secure meaningful funding during that time, on March 30, 2023, we announced a workforce reduction of approximately 675 employees, constituting approximately 85% of our workforce, in order to reduce expenses. These or other actions we may take may result in unintended consequences and costs, such as the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, attrition beyond the intended number of employees, decreased morale among our remaining employees, and the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the reduction in force. In addition, while positions have been eliminated, certain functions necessary to our operations remain, and we may be unsuccessful in distributing the duties and obligations of departed employees among our remaining employees. The reduction in workforce could also make it difficult for us to pursue, or prevent us from pursuing, new opportunities and initiatives due to insufficient personnel, or require us to incur additional and unanticipated costs to hire new personnel to pursue such opportunities or initiatives. If we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits from the reduction in force, or if we experience significant adverse consequences from the reduction in force, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Our prospects and operations may be adversely affected by changes in market preferences and economic conditions that affect demand for our launch services.

Because our business is currently concentrated on launching small LEO satellites, we are vulnerable to changes in market preferences or other market changes, such as general economic conditions, energy and fuel prices, recession and fears of recession, interest rates, tax rates and policies, inflation, war and fears of war, inclement weather, natural disasters,

Table of Con tents

terrorism and outbreak of viruses or widespread illness. The global economy has in the past, and will in the future, experience recessionary periods and periods of economic instability. During such periods, our potential customers may choose not to expend the amounts that we anticipate based on our expectations with respect to the addressable market for launch and satellite services. Significant investment into larger systems by the government or commercial players could have a negative impact on the demand for small LEO satellites. There could be a number of other effects from adverse general business and economic conditions on our business, including insolvency of any of our third-party suppliers or contractors, decreased market confidence, decreased interest in space solutions, decreased discretionary spending and reduced customer or governmental demand for LEO launch vehicles and satellites, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse publicity stemming from any incident involving us or our competitors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are at risk of adverse publicity stemming from any public incident involving our company, our people or our brand. If our rockets or payloads or those of one of our competitors were to be involved in a public incident, accident or catastrophe, this could create an adverse public perception of satellite launch or manufacturing activities and result in decreased customer demand for launch and satellite services, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Further, if our rockets or other equipment were to be involved in a public incident, accident or catastrophe, we could be exposed to significant reputational harm or potential legal liability. Any reputational harm to our business could cause customers with existing contracts with us to cancel their contracts and could significantly impact our ability to make future sales.

Due to the unique structure of our launch operations, there is the possibility that an accident or catastrophe could lead to the loss of human life or a medical emergency.

We rely on human involvement to conduct our launch operations and undertake regular maintenance of our rockets, elements of which involve hazardous operations. In our test and launch operations, our technicians must approach the rocket to connect and disconnect hoses and pipes through which the propellant, RP-1 fuel and liquid oxygen, flows into the rocket. In addition, during launch and any flight test with a fully loaded rocket, two pilots and two launch engineers are on board Cosmic Girl. While we believe that the design and operation of our systems and the safety procedures we follow enable us to manage and limit the risk of an accidental combustion of the propellant or any other catastrophe related to the launch operations, including the operation of Cosmic Girl, these processes involve hazardous operations which may result in the loss of human life or a medical emergency for our technicians, pilots and launch engineers.

Increased congestion from the proliferation of LEO constellations could materially increase the risk of potential collisions with space debris and limit or impair the growth of the small LEO satellite market.

Recent years have seen increases in the number of satellites deployed to low earth orbits, and publicly announced plans calling for many thousands of additional satellite deployments over the next decade. The proliferation of these LEO constellations and the increased launch activity to deliver them will greatly increase the number of objects in orbit. This change could materially increase the potential risks of collisions occurring among satellites and space debris. The potential for such incidences could limit or impair the growth of the small LEO satellite market, as potential customers may be less inclined to use our launch services to deliver payloads into low earth orbits.

Certain future operational facilities may require significant expenditures in capital improvements and operating expenses to develop and foster basic levels of service needed by our launch operations, and the ongoing need to maintain existing operational facilities requires us to expend capital.

Increasing the manufacturing rate of our rockets, including the production rate of our rockets, may require significant capital expenditures, and in the future we may be required to make similar expenditures to expand, improve or construct additional facilities for the manufacture and testing of our rockets. In addition, as our existing facilities in Long Beach, California mature, our business will require capital expenditures for the maintenance, renovation and improvement of these locations to remain competitive. This creates an ongoing need for capital, and, to the extent we cannot fund capital expenditures from cash flows from operations, we will need to borrow or otherwise obtain funds. If we cannot access the capital we need, we may not be able to execute our growth strategy, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures. If the costs of funding new locations or renovations or enhancements at existing locations exceed budgeted amounts or the time for building or renovation is longer than anticipated, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials and supplied components. We may not be able to obtain sufficient raw materials or supplied components to meet our manufacturing and operating needs, or obtain such

Table of Con tents

materials on favorable terms, which could impair our ability to fulfill our orders in a timely manner or increase our costs of production.

Our ability to manufacture our rockets is dependent upon sufficient availability of raw materials and supplied components, including hydrogen, helium, liquid oxygen and nitrogen which are used in our rockets and RP-1 (which is our rocket fuel), some of which are sourced from a limited number of suppliers. Our reliance on suppliers to secure these raw materials and supplied components exposes us to volatility in the prices and availability of these materials. We may not be able to obtain sufficient supply of raw materials or supplied components, on favorable terms or at all, which could result in delays in the manufacture of our rockets or increased costs.

In addition, we have in the past and may in the future experience delays in manufacturing or operations as we go through the re-qualification process with any replacement third-party supplier, as well as the limitations imposed by the ITAR, the EAR and other restrictions on transfer of sensitive technologies. There are also increasing expectations in various jurisdictions that companies monitor the environmental and social performance of their suppliers, including compliance with a variety of labor practices, as well as consider a wider range of potential environmental and social matters, including the end of life considerations for products. Compliance can be costly, require us to establish or augment programs to diligence or monitor our suppliers, or to design supply chains to avoid certain regions altogether. Failure to comply with such regulations can result in fines, reputational damage, or import ineligibility for our products or product components, or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Prolonged disruptions in the supply of any of our key raw materials or components, difficulty qualifying new sources of supply, implementing use of replacement materials or new sources of supply or any volatility in prices could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate in a cost-efficient, timely manner and could cause us to experience cancellations or delays of scheduled launches, customer cancellations or reductions in our prices and margins, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and our suppliers rely on complex systems and components, which involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

We and our suppliers rely on complex systems and components for the operation and assembly of our launch systems and services, which involves a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. These components may suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and may require repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be readily available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of these components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in various components, industrial accidents, fire, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, they may result in monetary losses, delays, unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we experience unexpected costs to fulfill a launch service contract in excess of the estimated transaction price, we would have to record an estimated contract loss provision which could adversely affect our financial results.

Our launch service contracts generally consist of multiple launches with each launch being allocated a fixed price and identified as distinct performance obligations. Revenue for each launch service is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is complete, which is typically at the point of launch. When we determine it is probable that costs to provide the services stipulated by a launch services agreement will exceed the allocated fixed price for each launch, we record a provision for a contract loss. Contract losses are recorded at the contract level and are recognized when known. The provision for contract losses outstanding as of December 31, 2022 was $51.6 million of contract losses and $35.4 million recorded as a reduction to inventory on the consolidated balance sheets and $4.4 million as a reduction to contract assets..

Consistent with the accounting of our firm fixed price contracts, we continually review cost performance and estimates-to-complete at least quarterly and in many cases more frequently. Adjustments to original estimates for a contract’s revenue, estimated costs at completion and estimated profit or loss are often required as work progresses under a contract, as experience is gained and as more information is obtained, even though the scope of work required under the contract may not change, or if contract modifications occur. The impact of revisions in estimate of completion for our launch service contracts are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions are made. Our future results of operations would be adversely affected to the extent we incur unanticipated contract losses on our fixed-price contracts.

Table of Con tents

We face intense competition in the commercial launch industry and other industries in which we may operate.

We face intense competition in the commercial launch industry. Currently, our primary competitors in the U.S. market for commercial launch of small-satellites to LEO are SpaceX and RocketLab. In addition, we are aware of several entities actively engaged in developing commercial launch capabilities for small and medium sized payloads, including Relativity, Astra Space, Inc., ABL, and Firefly, among others. We also face competition from foreign launch companies, such as Arianespace, Vega and launch providers in China and India, as well as potential new competitors in other countries.

Some of our current and potential competitors are larger and have substantially greater resources than we have and expect to have in the future. They may also be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies or the promotion and sale of their offerings, or offer lower prices. Our current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and offerings. Further, it is possible that domestic or foreign companies or governments, some with greater experience in the aerospace industry or greater financial resources than we possess, will seek to provide products or services that compete directly or indirectly with ours in the future. Any such foreign competitor, for example, could benefit from subsidies from, or other protective measures by, its home country.

We believe our ability to compete successfully as a commercial provider of launch services does and will depend on a number of factors, which may change in the future due to increased competition, including the price of our offerings, customer confidence in the safety of our offerings, customer satisfaction with the services we offer, and the frequency and availability of our launch services. If we are unable to compete successfully, this could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we resume full-scale operations, we expect to invest significant resources in developing new offerings and exploring the application of our proprietary technologies for other uses in national security and defense services and space solutions, and those opportunities may never materialize.

While our primary focus for the foreseeable future will be on commercializing launch services, we may invest significant resources in developing new technologies, services, products and offerings related to our national security and defense services and space solutions. Development of some of these new technologies, services, products and offerings, such as those related to our national security and defense services, are tied to existing contractual obligations. However, we may not realize the expected benefits of these investments. Relatedly, we may be subject to competition from our competitors within the launch industry, some of which may have substantially greater monetary and knowledge resources than we have and expect to have in the future to devote to the development of these technologies. Further, under the terms of the TMLA, our ability to operationalize some of the technologies may be dependent upon the consent of VEL. Such competition or any limitations on our ability to take advantage of such technologies could impact our market share, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Such research and development initiatives may also have a high degree of risk and involve unproven business strategies and technologies with which we have limited operating or development experience. They may involve claims and liabilities (including, but not limited to, personal injury claims), expenses, regulatory challenges and other risks that we may not be able to anticipate. There can be no assurance that consumer demand for such initiatives will exist or be sustained at the levels that we anticipate, or that any of these initiatives will gain sufficient traction or market acceptance to generate sufficient revenue to offset any new expenses or liabilities associated with these new investments. Further, any such research and development efforts could distract management from current operations, and would divert capital and other resources from our more established offerings and technologies. Even if we were to be successful in developing new products, services, offerings or technologies, regulatory authorities may subject us to new rules or restrictions in response to our innovations that may increase our expenses or prevent us from successfully commercializing new products, services, offerings or technologies.

We conduct a significant portion of our business pursuant to government contracts, including with the U.S. government, which are subject to unique risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.

We derive significant revenue from contracts with the U.S. government and plan to enter into further contracts with the U.S. and foreign governments in the future. By 2025, we expect a substantial portion of our revenues to be earned pursuant to U.S. and foreign government contracts. Business conducted pursuant to such contracts is subject to extensive procurement regulations, including the Federal Acquisition Regulation, and other unique risks.

These government contracts customarily contain provisions that give the government substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts and which are unfavorable to contractors. For instance, most U.S. government agencies include provisions that allow the government to unilaterally terminate or modify contracts for convenience, and in that event, the counterparty to the contract may generally recover only its incurred or committed costs

Table of Con tents

and settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the defaulting party may be liable for any extra costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source.

Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. Funding may be reduced or withheld as part of the U.S. Congressional appropriations process due to fiscal constraints, changes in U.S. national security strategy and/or priorities or other reasons. Further uncertainty with respect to ongoing programs could also result if the U.S. government finances its operations through temporary funding measures such as “continuing resolutions” rather than full-year appropriations.

In addition, government contracts normally contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, reduce our profits, and expose us to liability for failure to comply with these terms and conditions. These requirements include, for example:

•specialized disclosure and accounting requirements unique to government contracts;

•financial and compliance audits that may result in potential liability for price adjustments, recoupment of government funds after such funds have been spent, civil and criminal penalties, or administrative sanctions such as suspension or debarment from doing business with the U.S. government;

•extraneous technical and quality related audits to obtain insight and oversight;

•public disclosures of certain contract and company information; and

•mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination and affirmative action programs and environmental compliance requirements.

Certain contracts with the U.S. government require us to maintain a facility security clearance and be effectively insulated from foreign ownership, control and influence (“FOCI”) under the National Industrial Security Program. While we have not had in the past, and do not expect to have, any difficulties maintaining our facility security clearance, failure to maintain a required FOCI mitigation agreement with the U.S. DoD and to comply with such agreement and applicable U.S. government industrial security regulations (including but not limited to the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual) could result in invalidation or termination of our facility security clearance, which would mean that we would not be able to enter into future contracts with the U.S. government requiring such clearances, and may result in the loss of our ability to complete certain existing contracts with the U.S. government.

Government contracts are also generally subject to greater scrutiny by the government, which can initiate reviews, audits and investigations regarding our compliance with government contract requirements. In addition, if we fail to comply with government contract laws, regulations and contract requirements, our contracts may be subject to termination, and we may be subject to financial and/or other liability under our contracts, the Federal Civil False Claims Act (“False Claims Act”) (including treble damages and other penalties), or criminal law. The False Claims Act’s “whistleblower” provisions also allow private individuals, including present and former employees, to sue on behalf of the U.S. government. Any penalties, damages, fines, suspension, or damages could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in levels of U.S. government defense spending or overall acquisition priorities could negatively impact our financial position and results of operations.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from the U.S. government, primarily from defense related programs. Levels of U.S. defense spending are very difficult to predict and may be impacted by numerous factors, such as the evolving nature of national security threats, U.S. foreign policy, the domestic political environment, macroeconomic conditions and the ability of the U.S. government to enact relevant legislation such as authorization and appropriations bills.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 approved defense and non-defense spending for fiscal year 2023 (“FY23”), reducing budget uncertainty. Although FY23 appropriations have been enacted, the timeliness of future appropriations for government departments and agencies remains a recurrent risk. A lapse in appropriations for government departments or agencies would result in a full or partial government shutdown, which could impact our operations. Alternatively, Congress may fund government departments and agencies with one or more “continuing resolutions” rather than full-year appropriations; however, this could restrict the execution of certain program activities and delay new programs or competitions. In addition, long-term uncertainty remains with respect to overall levels of defense spending beyond FY23 and it is likely that the U.S. government discretionary spending levels will continue to be subject to pressure. Similarly, a lapse in approving necessary increases in the debt limit could similarly result in full or partial government shutdowns or suspension or termination of government programs which could impact our operations.

Table of Con tents

In addition, there continues to be uncertainty with respect to future acquisition priorities and program-level appropriations for the DoD and other government agencies (including NASA), including tension between modernization and sustainment investments, within the overall budgetary framework described above. Future budget cuts or investment priority changes, including changes associated with the authorizations and appropriations process could result in reductions, cancellations, and/or delays of existing contracts or programs. Any of these impacts could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Failures in our technology infrastructure could damage our business, reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

If our main data center were to fail, or if we were to suffer an interruption or degradation of services at our main data center, we could lose important manufacturing and technical data, which could harm our business. Our facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cyber security attacks, terrorist attacks, power losses, telecommunications failures and similar events. In the event that our or any of our third-party providers’ systems or service abilities are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to operate may be impaired. A decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems, could adversely impact our operations. Any of the aforementioned risks may be augmented if our or any of our third-party providers’ business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. The facilities also could be subject to break-ins, computer viruses, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. Any security breach, including personal data breaches, or incident, including cybersecurity incidents, that we experience could result in unauthorized access to, misuse of or unauthorized acquisition of our or our customers’ data, the loss, corruption or alteration of this data, interruptions in our operations or damage to our computer hardware or systems or those of our customers. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation. The amount of insurance coverage may not cover all possible or potential losses that may occur as a result of any events that cause interruptions in our service. Significant unavailability of our services due to attacks could cause users to cease using our services and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we use complex proprietary software in our technology infrastructure, which we seek to continually update and improve. Replacing such systems is often time-consuming and expensive, and can also be intrusive to daily business operations. Further, we may not always be successful in executing these upgrades and improvements, which may occasionally result in a failure of our systems. We may experience periodic system interruptions from time to time. Any slowdown or failure of our underlying technology infrastructure could harm our business, reputation and ability to acquire and serve our customers, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. Our disaster recovery plan or those of our third-party providers may be inadequate, and our liability policies may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur.

Our networks and those of our third-party service providers may be vulnerable to security risks.

The secure transmission of confidential, classified or export-controlled information in encrypted form over public networks is a critical element of our operations. Our networks, and those of our third-party service providers, including AWS, may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses and other security problems, including our inadvertent dissemination of non-public, classified or export-controlled information. Persons who circumvent security measures or gain access to customer information could wrongfully use our or our customers’ information or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, our reputation could be damaged. If an actual, threatened or perceived breach of our or our third-party service providers’ security were to occur, or if we were to inadvertently release confidential customer or supplier information, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed. We and/or our third-party service providers may be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of any such security breaches or to alleviate problems, including reputational harm and litigation, caused by any breaches. Any security measures implemented by us or our service providers may prove to be inadequate and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Due to our hybrid work environment, we may face increased business continuity and cyber risks that could significantly harm our business and operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused us to modify our business practices by migrating a portion of our employees to a primarily remote setup where they access our servers remotely through home or other networks to perform their job responsibilities. While some of our operations can be performed remotely and are operating effectively at present, there is no guarantee that this will continue or that we will continue to be as effective while working remotely because our team is dispersed, many employees and contractors may have additional personal needs to attend to (such as looking after children as a result of school closures or a family member who becomes sick), employees may become sick themselves and be

Table of Con tents

unable to work, and any unavailability of or unreliable home Internet may affect work continuity and efficiency. As COVID-19 conditions improve and restrictions are lifted, similar uncertainties exist with the return to work process, particularly in light of the spread of COVID-19 variants.

Additionally, while we put in place additional safeguards to protect data security and privacy, a remote workforce places additional pressure on our user infrastructure and third parties that are not easily mitigated, including additional dependencies on third-party communication tools, such as instant messaging and online meeting platforms.

We are highly dependent on our senior management team and other highly skilled personnel, and if we are not successful in attracting or retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

Our success depends, in significant part, on the continued services of our senior management team and on our ability to attract, motivate, develop and retain a sufficient number of other highly skilled personnel, including engineers, manufacturing and quality assurance, design, finance, marketing, sales and support personnel. Our senior management team has extensive experience in the aerospace industry, and we believe that their depth of experience is instrumental to our continued success. The loss of any one or more members of our senior management team, for any reason, including resignation or retirement, could impair our ability to execute our business strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, competition for qualified highly skilled personnel can be strong, and we can provide no assurance that we will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel now or in the future. Following an operational pause beginning on March 16, 2023, which we implemented in order to conserve capital while we explored potential fundraising transactions, on March 30, 2023, we announced a workforce reduction of approximately 675 employees, constituting approximately 85% of our workforce in order to reduce expenses in light of our inability to secure meaningful funding. Employees in all areas of the Company were impacted by the workforce reduction, which was substantially complete by April 3, 2023. In addition, on April 4, 2023, we filed the Chapter 11 Cases. These actions may negatively impact our ability to attract candidates to the Company in the future. Further, any inability to recruit, develop and retain qualified employees may result in high employee turnover and may force us to pay significantly higher wages, which may harm our profitability. Additionally, we do not carry key man insurance for any of our management executives, and the loss of any key employee or our inability to recruit, develop and retain these individuals as needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any acquisitions, partnerships or joint ventures that we enter into could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we may evaluate potential strategic acquisitions of businesses, including partnerships or joint ventures with third parties. We may not be successful in identifying acquisition, partnership and joint venture candidates. In addition, we may not be able to continue the operational success of such businesses or successfully finance or integrate any businesses that we acquire or with which we form a partnership or joint venture. We may have potential write-offs of acquired assets and/or an impairment of any goodwill recorded as a result of acquisitions. Furthermore, the integration of any acquisition may divert management’s time and resources from our core business and disrupt our operations or may result in conflicts with our business. Any acquisition, partnership or joint venture may not be successful, may reduce our cash reserves, may negatively affect our earnings and financial performance and, to the extent financed with the proceeds of debt, may increase our indebtedness. We cannot ensure that any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to many hazards and operational risks that can disrupt our business, including interruptions or disruptions in service at our primary facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations are subject to many hazards and operational risks inherent to our business, including general business risks, product liability and damage to third parties, our infrastructure or properties and the facilities of our third-party contractors and suppliers that may be caused by fires, earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters or severe weather, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, disruptive political events, epidemic outbreaks, human errors and similar events. Additionally, our manufacturing and launch operations are hazardous at times and may expose us to safety risks, including environmental risks and health and safety hazards to our employees or third parties.

Moreover, while Cosmic Girl anticipates having multiple launch locations around the world from which she can take off, our initial launch operations are currently launched from the Mojave Air and Space Port based in Mojave, California. Likewise, our payload processing is undertaken at our payload processing facility in Long Beach, California. Any significant interruption due to any of the above hazards and operational risks to the manufacturing or operation of our payload processing and space launch systems at one of our primary facilities, including from weather conditions, natural disasters, growth constraints, performance by third-party providers (such as electric, utility or telecommunications

Table of Con tents

providers), failure to properly handle and use hazardous materials, failure of computer systems, power supplies, fuel supplies, infrastructure damage, disagreements with the owners of the land on which our facilities are located, or damage sustained to the runway could result in manufacturing delays or the delay or cancellation of our planned commercial launches and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For example, severe weather, such as rainfall, snowfall or extreme temperatures, may have various impacts on our operations, including limiting the ability of our launches to be carried out as planned, resulting in additional expense to reschedule, thereby reducing our sales and profitability. Terrorist attacks, actual or threatened acts of war or the escalation of current hostilities, or any other military or trade disruptions impacting our domestic or foreign suppliers of components of our products, may impact our operations by, among other things, causing supply chain disruptions and increases in commodity prices, which could adversely affect our raw materials or transportation costs. These events also could cause or act to prolong an economic recession in the United States or abroad. To the extent these events also impact one or more of our suppliers or contractors or result in the closure of any of their facilities or our facilities, we may be unable to maintain or increase our launch schedules or fulfill our other contracts.

Moreover, the disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans and, more generally, any of these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease, which could adversely impact our commercial launch operations. Our insurance coverage may also be inadequate to cover our liabilities related to such hazards or operational risks. We may also be unable to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable and commercially justifiable, and insurance may not continue to be available on terms as favorable as our current arrangements. The occurrence of a significant uninsured claim, or a claim in excess of the insurance coverage limits maintained by us, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected and could continue to negatively affect various aspects of our business, make it more difficult for us to meet our obligations to our customers, and result in reduced demand for our services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Any outbreak of contagious diseases or other adverse public health developments, including with respect to COVID-19 or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our business operations. These impacts to our operations have included, and could again in the future include, disruptions or restrictions on the ability of our employees’ and customers’ to travel or our ability to pursue collaborations and other business transactions, travel to customers, and oversee the activities of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers. We may also be impacted by the temporary closure of the facilities of suppliers, manufacturers or customers.

While travel restrictions and business closures have largely lifted, we are continuing to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations; however, we cannot at this time accurately predict what effects these conditions will ultimately have on our operations due to uncertainties relating to the severity of the disease, the duration of the outbreak and outbreak of further variants. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our services and impact our operating results.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting. Our internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock and your investment.

We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K. This assessment, pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, must include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, once we are no longer an emerging growth company, pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we will be required to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirement on our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal control over financial reporting or implement these additional requirements in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, it could result in material misstatements to our consolidated financial statements, failure to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, increases in compliance costs, and subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, all of which may adversely affect investor confidence in, and the value of, our common stock.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, that company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and influenced by that

Table of Con tents

company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As previously reported, in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting: (i) related to the lack of sufficient personnel to execute, review and approve all aspects of the financial statement close and reporting process and (ii) arising from the need to augment information technology and application controls in our financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As of December 31, 2022, management has concluded that remediation of the previously identified material weaknesses was completed. However, we cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in loss of investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and a decline in our stock price, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

We may become involved in litigation that may materially adversely affect us.

From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, commercial, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. We are also be exposed to litigation risk as a result of the Chapter 11 Cases, including the risk that certain parties will commence litigation with respect to the treatment of their claims under a plan of reorganization or liquidation. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability or require us to change our business practices. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable, we cannot assure you that the results of any of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Please refer to Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” and Note [19]. “Subsequent Events” to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information about our legal proceedings.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we fail to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be impaired and we may lose valuable assets, generate reduced revenue and incur costly litigation to protect our rights.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect and maintain our proprietary intellectual property rights, including certain methodologies, practices, tools, technologies, technical expertise and other proprietary know-how we utilize in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining applications and processes used in our launch systems and related technologies. To date, we have relied primarily on a combination of trade secrets, trademarks and contractual protections, including those in non-disclosure agreements, to protect our intellectual property, and we intend to continue to rely on these and other means, including patent protection, in the future. Our trademark applications may not be granted, any trademark registrations that may be issued to us may not sufficiently protect our intellectual property, and our intellectual property rights may be challenged by third parties. Our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information may be stolen, used in an unauthorized manner, or compromised through an intrusion by private parties or foreign actors into our computer systems. Any of these scenarios may result in limitations in the scope of our intellectual property or restrictions on our use of our intellectual property or may adversely affect the conduct of our business.

Although we enter into non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees, enter into non-disclosure agreements with our customers, consultants, suppliers and other parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances and enter into intellectual property assignment agreements with our consultants and suppliers, no assurance can be given that these agreements will not be breached. Further, these contracts and arrangements may not be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our technology and proprietary information and cannot prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products.

Additionally, monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken or will take to prevent misappropriation may not be successful. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. The laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for

Table of Con tents

enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in our revenue which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. To the extent we expand our international activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our technologies and proprietary information may increase. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating our technology and intellectual property.

We have agreed to carry out a debranding plan with respect to the exclusive and non-exclusive rights to use the name and brand “Virgin Orbit” and certain other marks, rights and other matters subject to the TMLA.

On April 2, 2023, in connection with the Company’s entry into the DIP Credit Agreement with VIL, we entered into the Debrand Agreement with VEL pursuant to which the TMLA, which gave us certain exclusive and non-exclusive rights to use the name and brand “Virgin Orbit” and the Virgin signature logo, was terminated as of April 2, 2023. Upon termination of the TMLA, all rights licensed under the TMLA in relation to the use of the Marks (as defined in the TMLA) will, subject to agreed run-off periods contemplated in the Debrand Agreement and in the Debranding Plan (as defined in the Debrand Agreement), immediately and permanently revert to VEL. Pursuant to the Debrand Agreement, we agreed with VEL to, as soon as possible after the Termination Date, carry out a Debranding Plan with respect to the marks, rights and other matters subject to the TMLA. While we are not required to change our corporate name, and are permitted to use such marks and rights, until the earlier of the closing of a sale of the Company or the effective date of a Chapter 11 plan, we will thereafter lose our rights to use the Virgin brand in accordance with the terms of the Debrand Agreement, which would require us to change our corporate name and undergo other significant rebranding efforts. These rebranding efforts may require significant resources and expenses and may affect our ability to attract and retain customers, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects.

Protecting and defending against intellectual property claims may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our success depends in part upon successful prosecution, maintenance, enforcement and protection of our owned and licensed intellectual property.

To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect these rights. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could disrupt our business, as well as have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The results of intellectual property litigation are difficult to predict and may require us to stop using certain technologies or offering certain services or may result in significant damage awards or settlement costs. There is no guarantee that any action to defend, maintain or enforce our owned or licensed intellectual property rights will be successful, and an adverse result in any such proceeding could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

In addition, we may from time to time face allegations that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties, including the intellectual property rights of our competitors. We may be required to license additional technology from third parties in connection with our launch systems and related technologies and we cannot be certain that we will be able to license that technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Irrespective of the merit of any such claims, we could incur significant costs and diversion of resources in defending against them, and there is no guarantee any such defense would be successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, contracts, financial condition, operating results, liquidity and prospects. In some jurisdictions, plaintiffs can also seek injunctive relief that may limit the operation of our business or prevent the selling of our services that infringe or allegedly infringe on the plaintiff’s intellectual property rights.

Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could divert the time and resources of our management team and harm our business, our operating results and our reputation.

Table of Con tents

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory, Accounting and Tax Matters

If we commercialize outside the United States, we will be exposed to a variety of risks associated with international operations that could materially and adversely affect our business.

If we resume full-scale operations and continue to expand internationally and commercialize outside of the United States, we expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

•restructuring our operations to comply with local regulatory regimes;

•identifying, hiring and training highly skilled personnel;

•unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements, including ITAR, EAR and Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”);

•economic weakness, including inflation, in foreign economies and markets;

•the impact of geopolitical instability, civil unrest, war and/or events of terrorism, such as the ongoing armed military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and any related volatility and disruption in the global markets;

•compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

•foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;

•the need for U.S. government approval to operate our launch systems outside the United States;

•foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue;

•government appropriation of assets;

•workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States; and

•disadvantages of competing against companies from countries that are not subject to U.S. laws and regulations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), OFAC regulations and U.S. anti-money laundering regulations, as well as exposure of our foreign operations to liability under these regulatory regimes.

Our business is subject to a wide variety of extensive and evolving government laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations relating to various aspects of our business, including with respect to our launch operations, employment and labor, health care, tax, privacy and data security, health and safety, and environmental issues. Laws and regulations at the foreign, federal, state and local levels frequently change, especially in relation to new and emerging industries, and we cannot always reasonably predict the impact from, or the ultimate cost of compliance with, current or future regulatory or administrative changes. We monitor these developments and devote a significant amount of management’s time and external resources towards compliance with these laws, regulations and guidelines, and such compliance places a significant burden on management’s time and other resources, and it may limit our ability to expand into certain jurisdictions. Moreover, changes in law, the imposition of new or additional regulations or the enactment of any new or more stringent legislation that impacts our business could require us to change the way we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to comply with these laws, such as with respect to obtaining and maintaining licenses, certificates, authorizations and permits critical for the operation of our business, may result in civil penalties or private lawsuits, or the suspension or revocation of licenses, certificates, authorizations or permits, which would prevent us from operating our business. For example, conducting commercial launches in the United States requires licenses and permits from certain agencies of the Department of Transportation, including the FAA, and review by other agencies of the U.S. Government, including the DoD, Department of State, NASA, and the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”). License approval includes an interagency review of safety, operational, national security, and foreign policy and international obligations implications, as well as a review of foreign ownership. Delays in FAA action allowing us to conduct commercial launches could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

Moreover, regulation of our industry is still evolving, and new or different laws or regulations could affect our operations, increase direct compliance costs for us or cause any third-party suppliers or contractors to raise the prices they charge us because of increased compliance costs.

Table of Con tents

Application of these laws to our business may negatively impact our performance in various ways, limiting the collaborations we may pursue, further regulating the export and re-export of our products, services, and technology from the United States and abroad, and increasing our costs and the time necessary to obtain required authorization. The adoption of a multi-layered regulatory approach to any one of the laws or regulations to which we are or may become subject, particularly where the layers are in conflict, could require alteration of our manufacturing processes or operational parameters which may adversely impact our business. We may not be in complete compliance with all such requirements at all times and, even when we believe we are in complete compliance, a regulatory agency may determine that we are not.

We are subject to stringent U.S. export and import control laws and regulations and economic and trade sanctions. Unfavorable changes in these laws and regulations or U.S. government licensing policies, our failure to secure timely U.S. government authorizations under these laws and regulations, or our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Our business is subject to stringent U.S. import and export control laws and regulations as well as economic and trade sanctions laws and regulations. We are required to import and export our products, software, technology and services, as well as run our operations, in full compliance with such laws and regulations, which include the EAR, the ITAR, and economic sanctions administered by the Treasury Department’s OFAC. Similar laws that impact our business exist in other jurisdictions. These laws and regulations prohibit, restrict, or regulate our ability to, directly or indirectly, export, deemed export, re-export, deemed re-export or transfer certain hardware, technical data, technology, software, or services to certain countries and territories, entities, and individuals, and for end uses. If we are found to be in violation of these laws and regulations, it could result in civil and criminal, monetary and non-monetary penalties, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment and reputational harm.

Pursuant to these laws and regulations, we are required, among other things, to (i) maintain a registration under the ITAR, (ii) determine the proper licensing jurisdiction and export classification of products, software, and technology, and (iii) obtain licenses or other forms of U.S. government authorization to engage in the conduct of our launch business. The authorization requirements include the need to get permission to release controlled technology to foreign persons. Changes in U.S. laws and regulations, or reclassifications of our products or technologies, may restrict our operations. The inability to secure and maintain necessary licenses and other authorizations could negatively impact our ability to compete successfully or to operate our business as planned. Any changes in the export control regulations or U.S. government licensing policy, such as those necessary to implement U.S. government commitments to multilateral control regimes, may restrict our operations. Given the great discretion the government has in issuing or denying such authorizations to advance U.S. national security and foreign policy interests, there can be no assurance we will be successful in our future efforts to secure and maintain necessary licenses, registrations, or other U.S. government regulatory approvals.

We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

We are subject to the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act and possibly other anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors and other third-parties who act on the company’s behalf from authorizing, promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We maintain policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with the anti-corruption laws. However, we cannot provide assurance that our internal controls will always prevent and detect noncompliance, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors and other third parties who act on our behalf, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

We are subject to environmental regulation and may incur substantial costs.

We are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those relating to emissions to the air, discharges to surface and subsurface waters, safe drinking water, greenhouse gases and the storage, disposal and management of hazardous substances, oils and waste materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment may require a current or previous owner or operator of real estate to investigate and remediate hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum product releases at or from the property. Under federal and many state laws, generators of waste materials, and current and former owners or operators of facilities, can be subject to liability, regardless of fault, for investigation and remediation costs at locations that have been identified as requiring response actions. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations can require significant expenditures. In addition, we could incur costs to comply with such current or future laws and regulations, as well as new interpretations or applications of existing laws, the violation of which could lead to substantial fines and penalties.

Table of Con tents

We may have to pay governmental entities or third parties for property damage and for investigation and remediation costs that they incurred in connection with any contamination at our current and former properties or at third-party sites where we have sent hazardous substances for disposal without regard to whether we knew of or caused the presence of the contaminants. Liability under these laws may be strict, joint and several, meaning that we could be liable for the costs of cleaning up environmental contamination regardless of fault or the amount of waste directly attributable to us. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by these environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. We could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, as well as third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, if we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws or regulations. In addition, new laws and regulations, more stringent enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of new remediation requirements could result in additional costs. Environmental liabilities could arise and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and performance. We do not believe, however, that pending environmental regulatory developments in this area will have a material effect on our capital expenditures or otherwise materially adversely affect our operations, operating costs, or competitive position.

Increasing attention to, and evolving expectations regarding environmental, social and governance matters may impact our business and reputation.

Increasingly, in addition to the importance of their financial performance, companies are being judged by their performance on a variety of environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, which are considered to contribute to the long-term sustainability of companies’ performance. Voluntary ESG initiatives and disclosures may result in increased costs (including but not limited to increased costs related to compliance, stakeholder engagement, contracting and insurance), changes in demand for certain products, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other impacts to our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures, certifications, or goals, among others) to improve the ESG profile of our company and/or products or to respond to stakeholder expectations, such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. Further, our emphasis on ESG issues may not maximize short-term financial results and may yield financial results that conflict with the market’s expectations. We have and may in the future make business decisions that may reduce our short-term financial results if we believe that the decisions are consistent with our ESG goals, which we believe will improve our financial results over the long-term. These decisions may not be consistent with the short-term expectations of our stockholders and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our business, financial condition, and operating results could be harmed.

Expectations around company’s management of ESG matters continues to evolve rapidly, in many instances due to factors that are out of our control. For example, we may ultimately be unable to complete certain initiatives or targets, either on the timelines initially announced or at all, due to technological, cost, or other constraints, which may be within or outside of our control. Moreover, actions or statements that we may take based on expectations, assumptions, or third-party information that we currently believe to be reasonable may subsequently be determined to be erroneous or be subject to misinterpretation. If we fail to, or are perceived to fail to, comply with or advance certain ESG initiatives (including the timeline and manner in which we complete such initiatives), we may be subject to various adverse impacts, including reputational damage and potential stakeholder engagement and/or litigation, even if such initiatives are currently voluntary. For example, there have been increasing allegations of greenwashing against companies making significant ESG claims due to a variety of perceived deficiencies in performance, including as stakeholder perceptions of sustainability continue to evolve.

A variety of organizations measure the performance of companies on ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. Unfavorable ESG ratings could lead to increased negative investor sentiment towards us, which could negatively impact our share price as well as our access to and cost of capital. To the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, it may also impede our ability to compete as effectively to attract and retain employees, customers, or business partners, which may adversely impact our operations. We may be especially subject to scrutiny on such matters given our efforts to portray our operations and products/services as a tool to help assess and manage certain ESG risks. In addition, we expect there will likely be increasing levels of regulation, disclosure-related and otherwise, with respect to ESG matters. For example, the SEC has proposed rules that would require companies to provide significantly expanded climate-related disclosures in their periodic reporting, which may require us to incur significant additional costs to comply, including the implementation of significant additional internal controls processes and procedures regarding matters that have not been subject to such controls in the past, and impose increased oversight obligations on our management and board of directors. The Biden Administration has also proposed revisions to the Federal Acquisition Regulation which, if adopted, would require similar compliance costs, increased liability for our climate-related disclosures, as well as, for certain suppliers, adoption of climate-related targets subject to the methodology of the Science Based Targets Initiative, which may influence our climate and business strategy in ways other than we might prefer. This and other stakeholder expectations will likely lead to increased costs as well as scrutiny that could heighten all of the risks identified in this risk

Table of Con tents

factor. Additionally, many of our customers, business partners, and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

Changes in tax laws or regulations may increase tax uncertainty and adversely affect results of our operations and our effective tax rate.

We will be subject to taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax laws and tax rates in various jurisdictions, including the United States, may be subject to change. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws or their interpretation. In addition, we may be subject to income tax audits by various tax jurisdictions. Although we believe our income tax liabilities are reasonably estimated and accounted for in accordance with applicable laws and principles, an adverse resolution by one or more taxing authorities could have a material impact on the results of our operations.

Additional Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities and Operating as a Public Company

The price of our common stock and warrants may be volatile.

Our stock price has declined significantly over the last 12 months and continues to experience volatility, including in light of the Chapter 11 Cases. Any of the factors listed below could have a further adverse effect on an investment in our securities, and our securities may trade at prices significantly below the price that you paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of our securities may not recover and may experience a further decline. The price of our common stock, as well as our warrants, may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

•market perception about our viability as a going concern;

•changes in the industries in which we and our customers operate;

•developments involving our competitors;

•developments involving other companies where our directors, executive officers or significant stockholders have affiliations, even if those developments are not related to our business or those parties’ ties to us;

•changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

•variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

•publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;

•the public’s reaction to our press releases, its other public announcements and its filings with the SEC;

•actions by stockholders, including the sale by them of any of their shares of our common stock;

•additions and departures of key personnel;

•commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;

•changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt or convertible debt;

•the volume of shares of our common stock available for public sale; and

•general economic and political conditions, such as the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, recessions, interest rates, local and national elections, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability and acts of war or terrorism.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock and warrants regardless of our operating performance.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the

Table of Con tents

discretion of our board of directors (the “Board”) and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in the Stockholders’ Agreement and future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.

If analysts do not publish research about our business or if they publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover our common stock downgrade their rating or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock could decline. If few analysts cover us, the demand for our common stock could decrease and our common stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on it regularly.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

We may issue shares of preferred stock or additional shares of common stock, which would dilute the interest of our stockholders and could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 2,000,000,000 shares of common stock and up to 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

To raise capital, we may sell common stock, preferred stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions, at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by our current stockholders, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. In accordance with applicable law, we may also issue common stock or preferred stock for other purposes as our Board deems appropriate. Any such issuance:

•may significantly dilute the equity interest of our then-current stockholders;

•may subordinate the rights of holders of shares of common stock if one or more classes of preferred stock are created, and such preferred shares are issued with rights senior to those afforded to our common stock; and

•may adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock.

Future resales of our common stock may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Following the expiration of the applicable lock-ups agreed to by certain of our stockholders in connection with the Business Combination, those stockholders will not be restricted from selling such shares of our common stock, other than by applicable securities laws. As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time following the expiration, lapse or waiver of such lock-ups. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock.

As restrictions on resale end and registration statements are available for use, the sale or possibility of sale of these shares could have the effect of increasing the volatility in our share price or the market price of our common stock could decline if the holders of currently restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.

The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses and require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires the filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to a public company’s business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that a public company establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not previously incur. Our entire management team and many of our other employees will need to devote substantial time to compliance, and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company. We are

Table of Con tents

also subject to more stringent state law requirements. For example, prior to being declared unconstitutional by the Los Angeles Superior Courts in 2022, SB 826 generally required public companies with principal executive offices in California to have a minimum number of females on the company’s board of directors, and AB 979 generally required public companies with principal executive offices in California to have a minimum number of persons from specified underrepresented communities on the company’s board of directors. It is possible that the State of California could appeal one or both of the prior court decisions. While we will seek to comply with both SB 826 and AB 979 as promptly as practicable to the extent such are laws are in effect, the current composition of our Board does not satisfy the requirements of either SB 826 or AB 979. If either were to be reinstated, we could be fined by the California Secretary of State, with a $100,000 fine for the first violation of each and a $300,000 for each subsequent violation, and our reputation may be adversely affected.

These rules and regulations will result in us incurring substantial legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations will likely make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and it may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on its board of directors, its board committees or as executive officers.

VIL is able to control the direction of our business, and the concentrated ownership of our common stock will prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant decisions.

VIL controls a majority of our common stock. Additionally, under our Stockholders’ Agreement entered into with Vieco 10 Limited (“Vieco 10”), VIL assumed the rights of Vieco 10 and Fifteenth Investment Company LLC (“Fifteenth”) became a Voting Party under the Stockholders’ Agreement (the “Stockholders’ Agreement”), except that Fifteenth has the right to designate one designee for election to the Board for as long as Fifteenth continues to own at least 7.5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Pursuant to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, we are required to take all necessary action to cause VIL’s specified designees to be nominated to serve on the Board. For so long as VIL holds a majority of our common stock, it will be able to control the composition of the Board, which in turn will be able to control all matters affecting us, subject to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, including:

•any determination with respect to our business direction and policies, including the appointment and removal of officers and, in the event of a vacancy on the Board, additional or replacement directors;

•any determinations with respect to mergers, business combinations or disposition of assets;

•determination of our management policies;

•our financing policy;

•our compensation and benefit programs and other human resources policy decisions; and

•the payment of dividends on our common stock.

Even if VIL were to control less than a majority of the total outstanding shares of our common stock, it will be able to influence the outcome of corporate actions so long as it owns a significant portion of the total outstanding shares of our common stock. Specifically, under the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, for so long as VIL continues to beneficially own at least 25% of the shares of our common stock immediately following the Closing, in addition to any vote or consent of the stockholders or the Board as required by law, we and our subsidiaries must obtain VIL’s prior written consent to engage in:

•a business combination or similar transaction having a fair market value (“FMV”) of $10.0 million or more;

•a non-ordinary course sale of assets or equity interest having a FMV of $10.0 million or more;

•a non-ordinary course acquisition of any business or assets having a FMV of $10.0 million or more;

•an acquisition of equity interests having a FMV of $10.0 million or more;

•approval of any non-ordinary course investment having a FMV of $10.0 million or more, other than any investment expressly contemplated by our annual operating budget then in effect;

•an issuance or sale of any of our or our subsidiaries’ capital stock, other than an issuance of shares of capital stock upon the exercise of options to purchase shares of our capital stock;

Table of Con tents

•making any dividends or distribution to our stockholders other than redemptions and those made in connection with the cessation of services of employees;

•incurring indebtedness outside of the ordinary course in an amount greater than $25.0 million in a single transaction or $100.0 million in aggregate consolidated indebtedness;

•amendment of the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”);

•a liquidation or similar transaction;

•transactions with any interested stockholder pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K;

•increasing or decreasing the size of the Board; or

•engaging of any professional advisors for any of the foregoing matters listed above.

Furthermore, for so long as VIL continues to beneficially own at least 10% of the shares of our common stock, in addition to any vote or consent of the stockholders or the Board as required by law, we and our subsidiaries must obtain VIL’s prior written consent to engage in:

•any business combination or similar transaction;

•amendment of the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement;

•a liquidation or related transaction; or

•an issuance of capital stock in excess of 5% of our or our subsidiaries’ then issued and outstanding shares, other than issuances upon the exercise of options in accordance with their respective terms.

Because the interests of VIL may differ from our interests or the interests of our other stockholders, actions that VIL takes with respect to us may not be favorable to us or our other stockholders.

The delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq may make it more difficult for us to raise capital on favorable terms in the future. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. Further, if we were to be delisted from Nasdaq, our common stock would cease to be recognized as covered securities and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.

We are currently an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and to the extent we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are currently an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised

Table of Con tents

standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company, which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accountant standards used.

If we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will no longer be able to take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting, and, absent other exemptions or relief available from the SEC, we will also be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We will incur additional expenses in connection with such compliance and our management will need to devote additional time and effort to implement and comply with such requirements.

Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (1) the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $250 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, or (2) our annual revenues equaled or exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year or the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $700 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may also make comparison of our financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible.

Delaware law and our organizational documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our organizational documents and the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of the Board or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, the organizational documents include provisions regarding:

•providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;

•the ability of the Board to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

•subject to the terms of the Stockholders’ Agreement, the Board will have the exclusive right to expand the size of the Board and, once we no longer qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing standards, to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which will prevent stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on the Board;

•once we no longer qualify as a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing standards, our stockholders will not be able to act by written consent, which will force stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders;

•our certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

•the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;

•the ability of the Board to amend the bylaws, which may allow the Board to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;

•advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to the Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in the Board and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us; and

Table of Con tents

•expansive negative consent rights for VIL, which provide that as long as VIL maintains certain ownership thresholds to appoint a director under the Stockholders’ Agreement, the written consent of VIL is required to enter into certain business combinations or related transactions.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our Board or management.

The provisions of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) and any appellate court thereof will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or stockholders to us or to our stockholders, (iii) any action, suit or proceeding arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our Bylaws or our Certificate of Incorporation (as either may be amended from time to time), (iv) any action, suit or proceeding as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (v) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim against us or any current or former director, officer or stockholder governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The Certificate of Incorporation also provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

For the avoidance of doubt, this provision is intended to benefit and may be enforced by us, our officers and directors, the underwriter for any offering giving rise to such complaint, and any other professional entity whose profession gives authority to a statement made by that person or entity and who has prepared or certified any part of the documents underlying the offering.

These provisions may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation or bylaws has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in the Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.

While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions, and there can be no assurance that such provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions. We note that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Our certificate of incorporation limits liability of our non-employee directors, VIL, Fifteenth and the NextGen Sponsor and their respective affiliates and representatives’ liability to us for breach of fiduciary duty and could also prevent us from benefiting from corporate opportunities that might otherwise have been available to us.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and other than corporate opportunities that are expressly presented to one of our directors or officers in his or her capacity as such, our non-employee directors, VIL, Fifteenth. and NextGen Sponsor II LLC, (the “NextGen Sponsor”) and their respective affiliates and representatives:

•will not have any fiduciary duty to refrain from (i) engaging in and possessing interests in other business ventures of every type and description, including those engaged in the same or similar business activities or lines of business in which we or any of our subsidiaries now engages or proposes to engage or (ii) competing with us or any of our affiliates, subsidiaries or representatives, on their own account, or in partnership with, or as an employee, officer, director or shareholder of any other Person (other than us or any of our subsidiaries);

• will have no duty to communicate or present such transaction or matter to us or any of our subsidiaries, as the case may be; and

• will not be liable to us or our stockholders or to any of our subsidiaries for beach of any duty (fiduciary, contractual or otherwise) as one of our stockholders or directors by reason of the fact that such Person, directly or indirectly, pursues or acquires such opportunity for itself, herself or himself, directs such opportunity to

Table of Con tents

another Person or does not present such opportunity to us or any of our subsidiaries, affiliates or representatives.

We may redeem your unexpired warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you.

We have the ability to redeem the outstanding warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant if, among other things, the last reported sale price of our common stock for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like). Redemption of the outstanding warrants as described above could force you to: (i) exercise your warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so; (ii) sell your warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your warrants; or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding warrants are called for redemption, we expect would be substantially less than the market value of your warrants. None of the private placement warrants will be redeemable by us (subject to limited exceptions) so long as they are held by the NextGen Sponsor or its permitted transferees.

In addition, we have the ability to redeem the outstanding warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.10 per warrant if, among other things, the last reported sale price of our common stock for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holders equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like). In such a case, the holders will be able to exercise their warrants prior to redemption for a number of shares of common stock determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of our common stock. The value received upon exercise of the warrants (i) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (ii) may not compensate the holders for the value of the warrants, including because the number of ordinary shares received is capped at 0.361 shares of common stock per warrant (subject to adjustment) irrespective of the remaining life of the warrants.

The terms of the warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants approve of such amendment.

The warrants are governed by a Warrant Agreement between the Warrant Agent (as defined herein) and Virgin Orbit. The Warrant Agreement provides that (a) the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder for the purpose of (i) curing any ambiguity or correct any mistake, including to conform the provisions of the Warrant Agreement to the description of the terms of the warrants and the Warrant Agreement, or defective provision or (ii) adding or changing any provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the Warrant Agreement as the parties to the warrant agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem to not adversely affect the rights of the registered holders of the warrants under the Warrant Agreement and (b) all other modifications or amendments require the vote or written consent of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants; provided that any amendment that solely affects the terms of the private placement warrants or any provision of the Warrant Agreement solely with respect to the private placement warrants will also require at least 65% of the then outstanding private placement warrants.

Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the public warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants approve of such amendment. Our ability to amend the terms of the public warrants with the consent of at least 65% of the then outstanding public warrants is unlimited. Examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the warrants, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant.

You may only be able to exercise your public warrants on a “cashless basis” under certain circumstances, and if you do so, you will receive fewer shares of common stock from such exercise than if you were to exercise such warrants for cash.

The Warrant Agreement provides that in the following circumstances holders of warrants who seek to exercise their warrants will not be permitted to do for cash and will, instead, be required to do so on a cashless basis in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act: (i) if the common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants are not registered under the Securities Act in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement; (ii) if we have so elected and the common stock are at the time of any exercise of a warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that they satisfy the definition of “covered securities” under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act; and (iii) if we have so elected and we call the public warrants for redemption. If you exercise your public warrants on a cashless basis, you would pay the warrant exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the excess of the “fair market value” of our common stock (as defined in the next sentence) over the exercise price of the warrants by (y) the fair market value. The

Table of Con tents

“fair market value” is the average reported closing price of the common stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of exercise is received by the warrant agent or on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants, as applicable. As a result, you would receive fewer shares of common stock from such exercise than if you were to exercise such warrants for cash.

The Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of our warrants, which could limit the ability of warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

The Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the Warrant Agreement, including under the Securities Act, will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. We will waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the Warrant Agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our warrants shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in our Warrant Agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope the forum provisions of the Warrant Agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a “foreign action”) in the name of any holder of our warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an “enforcement action”), and (y) having service of process made upon such warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such warrant holder.

This choice-of-forum provision may limit a warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.

General Risk Factors

Our employees and independent contractors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, which could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors may engage in misconduct or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or other activities that violate laws and regulations, including production standards, U.S. federal and state fraud, abuse, data privacy and security laws, other similar non-U.S. laws or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, imprisonment, other sanctions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investments in us may be subject to U.S. and non-U.S. foreign investment screening regulations which may impose conditions or limitations on certain investors (including, but not limited to, limits on purchasing our capital stock, limits on information sharing with such investors, requiring a voting trust, governance modifications, forced divestiture, or other measures).

Certain investments that involve the acquisition of, or investment in, a U.S. business by a non-U.S. investor may be subject to review and approval by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”). Whether CFIUS has

Table of Con tents

jurisdiction to review an acquisition or investment transaction depends on — among other factors — the nature and structure of the transaction, including the level of beneficial ownership interest and the nature of any information or governance rights involved. For example, investments that result in “control” of a U.S. business by a foreign person always are subject to CFIUS jurisdiction. Significant CFIUS reform legislation, which was fully implemented through regulations that became effective on February 13, 2020, among other things expanded the scope of CFIUS’s jurisdiction to investments that do not result in control of a U.S. business by a foreign person but afford certain foreign investors certain information or governance rights in a U.S. business that has a nexus to “critical technologies,” “critical infrastructure” and/or “sensitive personal data.” The new CFIUS legislation also imposed mandatory filings for certain investment transactions into U.S. businesses with a nexus to critical technologies.

Moreover, other countries continue to strengthen their own foreign direct investment (“FDI”) screening regimes, and investments and transactions outside of the U.S. may be subject to review by non-U.S. FDI regulators if such investments are perceived to implicate national security policy priorities. Any review and approval of an investment or transaction by CFIUS or another FDI regulator may have outsized impacts on transaction certainty, timing, feasibility, and cost, among other things. CFIUS and other FDI regulatory policies and practices are rapidly evolving, and in the event that CFIUS or another FDI regulator reviews one or more proposed or existing investment by investors in us, there can be no assurances that such investors will be able to maintain, or proceed with, such investments on terms acceptable to such investors. CFIUS or another FDI regulator may require us to divest some or all of our business operations, impose requirements on the management, control and conduct of our business, or impose limitations or restrictions on, or prohibit, investments by certain investors (including, but not limited to, limits on purchasing our common stock, limits on information sharing with such investors, requiring a voting trust, governance modifications, or forced divestiture, among other things).

In particular, as Closing occurred prior to the commencement of the U.K’s new investment screening regime under the NSIA, no approval was required under the NSIA. However, the U.K. Secretary of State has the power to call in transactions for review (including retrospectively in relation to transactions occurring after November 11, 2020) where he or she reasonably suspects that a transaction has given rise or may give rise to a risk to national security. The U.K. Secretary of State has broad powers to make interim and final orders for the purpose of preventing, remedying or mitigating such a national security risk. Any such orders may adversely affect us and can include a requirement that some or all of the business be divested, as well as impose requirements on the management, control and conduct of the business.

Cyber-attacks and other security breaches could have an adverse effect on our business, harm our reputation and expose us to liability.

Our business may be impacted by disruptions to our own or third-party information technology (“IT”) infrastructure, which could result from (among other causes) cyber-attacks on or failures of such infrastructure or compromises to its physical security, as well as from damaging weather or other acts of nature. Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt our business or result in the loss of critical and confidential or classified information. Cyber-based risks, in particular, are evolving and include, but are not limited to, both attacks on our IT infrastructure and attacks on the IT infrastructure of third parties (both on premises and in the cloud) attempting to gain unauthorized access to our confidential or other proprietary information, classified or export-controlled information, or information relating to our employees, customers and other third parties. Cyber-based risks could also include attacks targeting the security, integrity and/or availability of the hardware, software and information installed, stored or transmitted in our rockets and systems. Such attacks could disrupt our systems or those of third parties, impact business operations, result in unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, and corrupt our data or that of third parties.

The threats we face vary from attacks common to most industries to more advanced and persistent, highly organized adversaries, including nation states, which target us and other defense contractors. We continue to make investments and adopt measures designed to enhance our protection, detection, response, and recovery capabilities, and to mitigate potential risks to our technology, products, services and operations from potential cyber-attacks. However, our current measures are limited, and it is possible that intrusions or potential vulnerabilities could go undetected for an extended period or that the measures we have taken or will take are inadequate to protect against, or adequately respond to or mitigate, the effects of such cyber-attacks. We could potentially be subject to production downtimes, operational delays, other detrimental impacts on our operations, the compromise of confidential or otherwise protected information, misappropriation, destruction or corruption of data, security breaches, other manipulation or improper use of our or third-party systems, networks or products, financial losses from remedial actions, loss of business, or potential liability, penalties, fines and/or damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, competitive position, financial condition and results of operations. Due to the evolving nature of such risks, the impact of any potential incident cannot be predicted.

Unauthorized access to our or our customers’ information and systems could negatively impact our business.

We face certain security threats, including threats to the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data and systems. We maintain an extensive network of technical security controls, policy enforcement mechanisms, monitoring systems and management oversight in order to address these threats. While these measures are designed to prevent, detect and respond

Table of Con tents

to unauthorized activity in our systems, certain types of attacks, including cyber-attacks, could result in significant financial or information losses and/or reputational harm. In addition, we may manage information technology systems for certain customers. Many of these customers face similar security threats. If we cannot prevent the unauthorized access, release and/or corruption of our customers’ confidential, classified or personally identifiable information, our reputation could be damaged, and/or we could face financial losses.

Business disruptions could seriously affect our future sales and financial condition or increase our costs and expenses.

Our business may be impacted by disruptions including threats to physical security, information technology or cyber-attacks or failures, damaging weather or other acts of nature, pandemics or other public health crises, macroeconomics event such as supply chain disruption. Any of these disruptions could affect our internal operations or our ability to deliver products and services to our customers. Any significant production delays, or any destruction, manipulation or improper use of our data, information systems or networks could impact our sales, increase our expenses and/or have an adverse effect on the reputation of the Company and of our products and services.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Facilities

We operate primarily at two locations in California (Long Beach and Mojave). All of our facilities are located on land that is leased from third parties. We believe that such facilities meet our current and future anticipated needs.

In Long Beach, we maintain approximately 151,000 square feet of testing and operations facilities at our facility on Conant St, and approximately 44,000 square feet of operations space at our facility on McGowen St. We maintain approximately 840,000 square feet of testing and 10,750 square feet of operations space at the Mojave Air and Space Port in Mojave, California.

The Long Beach campus consists of two main operational buildings under separate lease agreements that collectively house fabrication, assembly, warehouse, office and test operations. The leases on the Long Beach facilities are coterminous, with an option to extend the lease term to 2030. The Mojave campus consists of testing areas, launch operations areas, storage and office space. These facilities are leased pursuant to several agreements, which generally have five-year initial terms coupled with renewal options. The leases are currently in the renewal periods and are set to end in 2025.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

On April 4, 2023, the Debtors commenced voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. The Chapter 11 Cases are jointly administered under the caption In re Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc., et al. (Case No. 23-10405).

In addition, we are, from time to time, subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Some of these claims, lawsuits and other proceedings may involve highly complex issues that are subject to substantial uncertainties, and could result in damages, fines, penalties, non-monetary sanctions or relief. However, we do not consider any such claims, lawsuits or proceedings that are currently pending, individually or in the aggregate, to be material to our business or likely to result in a material adverse effect on our future operating results, financial condition or cash flows. The outcome of legal matters and litigation, however, is inherently uncertain and therefore if one or more of these legal matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of our expectations, our results of operations, and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period, could be materially adversely affected.

Please refer to Part IV. Note 19, “Subsequent Events” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information regarding our legal proceedings.

Table of Con tents

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Table of Con tents

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock and warrants trade on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “VORB” and “VORBW”, respectively.

Holders of Record

As of April 4, 2023, there were 345 registered stockholders of record of our shares of common stock. The actual number of stockholders of our common stock is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares of common stock are held in street name by banks, brokers and other nominees.

Dividends

None.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12. of Part III of this Annual Report.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

During 2022, the registrant did not make any sales of unregistered equity securities that were not previously reported in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Use of Proceeds

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Table of Contents

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis provides information that Virgin Orbit’s management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Virgin Orbit’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. You should read this discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon Virgin Orbit’s current expectations, estimates and projections that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to, among other considerations, the matters discussed in the sections entitled Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors and Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.

The following is a discussion and analysis of, and a comparison between, our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. A discussion and analysis of, and a comparison between, our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 can be found in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Vieco USA, Inc. entered into a Merger Agreement with NextGen on August 22, 2021. The Business Combination was completed on December 29, 2021, in conjunction with which NextGen changed its name to Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc. (hereafter referred to as “Virgin Orbit”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”, unless the context otherwise requires).

Overview

We have been primarily focused on and engaged in designing and developing launch solutions for small-satellites since our inception in 2017. We have incurred net losses of $191.2 million, $157.3 million, and $121.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and expect to incur significant losses in the near term.

Liquidity, Voluntary Petitions for Bankruptcy and Going Concern

Since achieving commercialization in January 2021, we have continued to make significant investments in capital expenditures to build and expand our production for commercial small-satellite launches, hire top-tier leaders and innovators, and continue to invest in research and development. However, as discussed below under Liquidity and Capital Resources - Liquidity and Going Concern, our history of losses and the possibility that we may not be able to raise sufficient capital to finance our operations raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to capitalize on industry tailwinds and execute on our growth strategy will depend on our ability to access additional capital. We will require additional financing to continue our operations and grow our business, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, would force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our operations, which could have the result of causing our business to fail and liquidating with little or no return to investors.

On April 4, 2023, the Debtors commenced voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Bankruptcy Court”). The Chapter 11 proceedings are jointly administered under the caption In re Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc., et al. (Case No. 23-10405). (the “Chapter 11 Cases”). The Debtors continue to operate their business as “debtors-in-possession” under the jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court and in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and orders of the Bankruptcy Court. On April 5, 2023, the Debtors have received interim approval of a variety of “first day” motions containing customary relief intended to assure the Debtors’ ability to continue their ordinary course operations.

In connection with the Chapter 11 Cases, we and our domestic subsidiaries entered into a Senior Secured Superpriority Debtor-in-Possession Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “DIP Credit Agreement”) with VIL on April 6, 2023, subject to final approval of the Bankruptcy Court. Please refer to “—Liquidity and Capital Resources – Debtor-in-Possession Term Loan Credit Agreement” below for further information.

The significant risks and uncertainties related to our liquidity and Chapter 11 Cases described above raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Business Combination

Table of Contents

On August 22, 2021, NextGen via Pulsar Merger Sub, Inc. (“Pulsar Merger Sub”) and Vieco USA entered into a Merger Agreement which contemplated Pulsar Merger Sub merging with and into Vieco USA, with Vieco USA surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of NextGen (the “Business Combination”). On December 29, 2021, as contemplated by the Merger Agreement, we consummated the Business Combination and changed our name to Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc. The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. Virgin Orbit common stock and warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbols “VORB” and “VORBW,” respectively, on December 29, 2021.

See Part IV. Note 1. Organization and Business Operations - The Business Combination in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for further details.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

In addition to our ability to obtain additional capital to continue our operations as a going concern, we believe that our financial performance depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for our business, but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report.

Customer Demand

Since our first test flight in 2020, a broad range of potential customers, including national security organizations, commercial satellite providers, and civil service providers have shown significant interest in our service. Our commercial customers include satellite and constellation providers such as Arqit and SatRev. Civil customers mostly fall within our spaceport and launch offerings for civil space agencies with customers including, NASA, Spaceport Cornwall in the United Kingdom, Spaceport Japan at Oita Airport in Japan, and Alcantara Launch Center in Brazil. Outside of spaceports, we also provide dedicated launch services for civil space agencies such as NASA, and we expect to provide such services to other governments which have space agencies but lack the infrastructure for domestic space launches. Some national security and defense customers include the United States Space Force, the U.S. Air Force, National Reconnaissance Office and the Missile Defense Agency. Leveraging our four successful orbital launches in 2021 and 2022, we have been able to secure approximately $192.1 million of binding agreements as of December 31, 2022.

We also believe there is near- and medium-term growth potential in the space market, driven by rapid advances in launch and satellite technology. As a result, there has been a proliferation of private sector space companies pursuing the growing demand for space solutions across multiple applications. As one of the few proven small-satellite launch providers to have successfully delivered payloads to their intended orbit, we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from these attractive industry tailwinds. Therefore, we plan to leverage our existing launch capabilities and our track record as a systems integrator to provide end-to-end value-added services for Internet of Things (“IoT”) and Earth Observation (“EO”) applications through the combination of agreements with satellite operators and a satellite constellation we will own and operate. Using a satellite-as-a-service model, we expect to deploy our own satellites in the next few years to serve government and commercial customers, both domestically and internationally.

Technology Innovation

We design, build, and test LauncherOne in-house and operate at the forefront of composite structures, liquid rocket engines, ultra-responsive launch systems, ruggedized avionics, optimized flight software, automated flight safety systems, and advanced manufacturing techniques. We believe the synergy of these technologies enables greater responsiveness to the commercial and government small-satellite markets. Our unique air-launch system launches satellites into space from a rocket carried beneath the wing of a modified Boeing 747-400, meaning it has greater flexibility, mobility and responsiveness than other satellite launch systems. To continue establishing market share and attracting customers, we plan to continue our substantial investments in research and development for the continued enhancements of LauncherOne and commercialization of future generations of our rockets.

Manufacturing Capacity

As we plan to continue to scale our production of rockets for our small-satellite services, we are making significant investments in capital expenditures for building and enhancing our manufacturing capacity and facilities. We expect our capital expenditures to continue to increase for the next several years. The amount and timing of our future manufacturing capacity requirements, and resulting capital expenditures, will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our research and development efforts to meet technological development milestones, our ability to develop and manufacture rockets, our ability to achieve sales, and customer demand for our rockets at the levels we anticipate. Our headquarters in Long Beach, California has combined facility space of 195,000 square feet and is used for design, engineering, manufacturing, integration, assembly, test activities, payload processing and encapsulation. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately six rockets in production and the processes, technology and machinery/tooling to support a production capacity of approximately 20 rockets annually.

Table of Contents

Global Pandemic and Macroeconomic Conditions

We continue to monitor how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting our employees and business. While we are no longer experiencing delays from measures taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the longevity and extent of the COVID-19 pandemic remain uncertain. Measures we may need to take in the future and challenges that result from the pandemic could affect our operations necessary to complete the development of our spaceflight systems, our scheduled flight test programs and commencement of our commercial flights.

Further, the global economy, including credit and financial markets, has recently experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rising interest and inflation rates, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. All of these factors could impact our liquidity and future funding requirements, including but not limited to our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. The duration of this economic slowdown is uncertain and the impact on our business is difficult to predict. See the section entitled Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global economy on our business.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Launch Related Services

Small-satellite launch operations revenue is recognized for providing customer launch services by placing payloads into orbit. Revenue for each customer payload is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is complete, which is typically at the point of launch. We began recognizing revenue for launch services in January 2021 from our initial launch with NASA. Our second launch was completed in June 2021, with successful deployments of payloads in each of our core offerings: commercial, civil and defense. As of the date of this Annual Report, we successfully completed four orbital launches since 2021, out of Mojave, California. To date, we have delivered 33 satellites to their desired orbits with high precision. We generated $32.7 million and $6.0 million of launch service revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from launch related services. We expect a significant portion of our future revenue growth to be derived from further commercialization of our small-satellite launch operations and expansion of our portfolio of space offerings.

Engineering Services

We also generate revenue by providing engineering services, which primarily relates to research and studies, to our customers. Revenue is recognized as control of the performance obligation is transferred over time to the customer. As of December 31, 2022, we have six engineering service revenue contracts for which we expect to transfer all remaining performance obligations to the customers by the year ended December 31, 2027. We expect that we will continue to earn revenue from engineering services, but that such revenue will represent a smaller portion of our future revenue growth compared to launch services. We generated $0.4 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from engineering services.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue relates to launch services and engineering services, which primarily includes costs for materials and human capital, such as payroll and benefits for our launch and flight operations. We expect that we will continue to incur cost of revenue from launch services and engineering services. Since LauncherOne achieved technological feasibility in January 2021, we began capitalizing and subsequently charging to cost of revenue the costs incurred to launch small-satellites. Costs associated with launch services include the costs for rocket manufacturing, overhead, and launch. Costs for rocket manufacturing include materials, labor, fuel, payroll and benefits for our launch and flight operations as well as the depreciation of Cosmic Girl, maintenance and depreciation of facilities and equipment and other allocated overhead expenses. As we continue to grow our revenue from further commercialization of our small-satellite launch operations and expansion of our portfolio of space offerings, we expect that our cost of revenue will increase.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit is calculated as revenue less cost of revenue. Gross margin is the percentage obtained by dividing gross profit by its revenue. Our gross profit and gross margin have varied historically based on the mix of revenue from small-satellite launch services and engineering services. Although our gross profit and gross margin may continue to vary by offering as we scale our business, we expect our overall gross profit and gross margin to improve over time.

Table of Contents

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related expenses related to general corporate functions, primarily including executive management and administration, finance and accounting, legal, business development, and government affairs, as well as certain allocated costs. Personnel-related expenses primarily include salaries and benefits. Allocated costs include costs related to information technology, facilities, human resources and safety. Personnel-related expenses also include allocated sustaining activities relating to launch operations and production processes support, including required launch system maintenance, updates and documentation.

As we continue to grow, we expect that our selling, general and administrative costs will increase. We also expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses necessary to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, as well as higher expenses for fiduciary and executive liability coverage, investor relations and professional services.

Research and Development Expense

We conduct research and development activities to develop existing and future technologies that advance our satellite launch and space solution offerings. Research and development activities include basic research, applied research, concept formulation studies, design, development and related test program activities. Costs incurred to develop our LauncherOne rockets primarily include equipment, material, labor and overhead. Costs incurred for performing test flights primarily include labor and fuel expenses for launch and flight operations. Research and development costs also include rent, maintenance, and depreciation of facilities and equipment and other allocated overhead expenses. We plan to continue to make substantial investments in research and development for the continued enhancements of LauncherOne and the development of a third stage modified LauncherOne for additional services. As LauncherOne achieved technical feasibility in January 2021, we began capitalizing the production costs of our LauncherOne rockets.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net relates to the cost of financing our Convertible Notes (as defined below), finance lease obligations, cost of financing our director and officer insurance, and income from interest bearing demand deposit accounts.

Change in Fair Value of Equity Investments

Change in fair value of equity investments consists of the changes in fair value of our equity investments.

Change in Fair Value of Liability Classified Warrants

Change in fair value of liability classified warrants relates to remeasurement of our public and private placement warrants to fair value as of any respective exercise date and as of each subsequent balance sheet date.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Notes

Change in fair value of convertible notes relate to remeasurement of our Convertible Notes to fair value as of any respective conversion date and as of each subsequent balance sheet date.

Other Income

Other income consists of sources of income that are not related to our primary operations, including miscellaneous non-operating items, such as income recognized from non-ordinary course of business activities.

Income Tax Provision

Our provision for income taxes consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in the tax law. We maintain a valuation allowance against the full value of our U.S. and state net deferred tax assets because we believe it is more likely than not that the recoverability of these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparisons of financial results are not necessarily indicative of future results.


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,
	2022	2021		2020
Revenue					$	33,106	$	7,385	$	3,840
Cost of revenue					85,739		37,872		3,168
Gross loss					(52,633)		(30,487)		672
Selling, general and administrative expenses					120,467		92,796		43,003
Research and development expenses					43,263		48,079		137,135
Operating loss					(216,363)		(171,362)		(179,466)
Other income (expense), net:
Change in fair value of equity investments					(7,486)		6,792		—
Change in fair value of liability classified warrants					17,592		3,749		—
Change in fair value of convertible notes					9,101		—		—
Interest expense, net					(1,326)		(24)		(4,852)
Other income					7,335		3,560		62,671
Total other income, net:					25,216		14,077		57,819
Loss before income taxes					(191,147)		(157,285)		(121,647)
Provision for income taxes					11		6		5
Net loss					(191,158)		(157,291)		(121,652)

Revenue


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Revenue				$	33,106	$	7,385	$	25,721	348	%

Revenue increased by $25.7 million, or 348%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily attributable to an increase of $26.7 million related to launch service revenue from our two launches and other launch-related service revenue earned, offset by the decrease in engineering services revenue of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Revenue increased by $3.5 million, or 92%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily attributable to the recognition of launch services revenue of $6.0 million from our two launches for the year ended December 31, 2021. We did not generate any revenue from launch services during the year ended December 31, 2020. A $0.8 million increase in revenue from the Royal Air Force pilot training program was offset by a $0.6 million decrease in revenue from engineering services and $1.9 million decrease in revenue from bridge ventilators built to help in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Loss


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,				$ change			% change
	2022	2021
Revenue				$	33,106		$	7,385		$	25,721	348	%
Cost of revenue				85,739			37,872			47,867		126	%
Gross loss				(52,633)			(30,487)			(22,146)		73	%

Gross margin				(159)		%	(413)		%

Cost of revenue increased by $47.9 million, or 126%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily attributable to our two launches in January and July 2022 and the recognition of contract losses of $30.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we determined inventory related to certain near-term rocket builds was not recoverable and as a result, we recognized an inventory write-down of $2.0 million to its estimated net

Table of Contents

realizable value. Gross profit decreased by $22.1 million, and gross margin increased by 254 percentage points for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to costs of launch-related service revenue, additional provisions for contract losses booked on future launches, manufacturing variances, and inventory adjustments to net realizable value related to certain rocket builds that were not recoverable.

Cost of revenue increased by $34.7 million, or 1095%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily attributable to our two launches in January and June 2021 and the recognition of contract losses of $17.4 million. After the launch in January 2021, we began to capitalize costs associated with the launch services. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we determined inventory related to certain near-term rocket builds was not recoverable and as a result, we recognized an inventory write-down of $4.1 million to its estimated net realizable value. Gross profit decreased by $31.2 million, and gross margin decreased by 431 percentage points for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily attributable to the shift of revenues from the development of bridge ventilators in 2020 to launch services with the two launches in 2021.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses


(In thousands)		Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Selling, general and administrative expenses			$	120,467	$	92,796	$	27,671	30	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $27.7 million, or 30%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily attributable to the increase in personnel-related expenses including stock based compensation, and public company costs including directors and officers insurance and professional fees.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $49.8 million, or 116%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily attributable to the increase in personnel-related expenses of $48.1 million, $0.8 million of facilities, overhead and general corporate expenses, and $0.8 million in professional and legal fees. The increase in personnel-related expenses is primarily related to sustaining the launch and production processes during the year ended December 31, 2021. The sustaining activities relating to launch operations and production processes support, such as required launch system maintenance, updates and documentation, increased upon LauncherOne reaching technological feasibility as a result of the launch in January 2021. The increase in personnel-related expenses also includes a $4.2 million increase in stock-based compensation expense attributed to stock options granted to a former employee.

Research and Development Expenses


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Research and development expenses				$	43,263	$	48,079	$	(4,816)	(10)	%

Research and development expenses decreased by $4.8 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily attributable to reaching technological feasibility upon our successful launch in January 2021, with the majority of those launch related expenses included in research and development. For the full year of 2022, efforts related to sustaining the launch and production processes were included in selling, general, and administrative expenses, and efforts related to the production and launch were included in inventory or costs of goods sold.

Research and development expenses decreased by $89.1 million, or 65%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily attributable to the decreases in personnel-related expenses of $42.1 million facilities, overhead and payroll related expenses of $45.8 million and professional services fees of $1.2 million due to LauncherOne reaching technical feasibility during the year ended December 31, 2021. LauncherOne reached technological feasibility upon the successful launch in January 2021. Since then, a portion of the research and development resources to

Table of Contents

develop the LauncherOne technology have shifted focus from technological development to sustaining the launch and production processes as well as capitalized labor and overhead to inventory.

Change in Fair Value of Equity Investments


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Change in fair value of equity investments				$	(7,486)	$	6,792	$	(14,278)	(210)	%

Change in fair value of equity investment income decreased by $14.3 million, or 210%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to the net change in fair value of equity investment in Arqit of $14.5 million, offset by the decrease of $0.2 million unrealized loss for the equity investment in Sky and Space Global Limited (“SAS”).

Change in fair value of equity investments increased by $6.8 million, or 100%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 attributable to the unrealized gain of $7.0 million from the equity investment in Arqit, and partially offset by the $0.2 million unrealized loss for the equity investment in SAS.

Change in Fair Value of Liability Classified Warrants


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Change in fair value of liability classified warrants				$	17,592	$	3,749	$	13,843	369	%

Change in fair value of liability classified public and private placement warrants increased by $13.8 million, or 369%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 resulting in a gain due to the decrease in fair value of liability classified warrants.

Change in fair value of liability classified warrants increased by $3.7 million, or 100%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 as a result of the public and private placement warrants that were originally issued by NextGen and subsequently assumed by the Company as part of the Business Combination. The public and private placement warrants are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value with the carrying amount subject to remeasurement to fair value as of any respective exercise date and as of each subsequent balance sheet date.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Notes


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Change in fair value of convertible notes				$	9,101	$	—	$	9,101	100%

The change in fair value of convertible notes created a gain of $9.1 million, or 100%, attributable to the decrease in fair value for the convertible debenture (the “YA II Convertible Debenture”) issued and sold to YA II PN, Ltd. ( the “Investor”) on June 29, 2022 in the principal amount of $50.0 million, and the two VIL convertible notes totaling $45.0 million issued and sold to Virgin Investments Limited (the “2022 VIL Convertible Notes”). The 2022 VIL Convertible Notes are comprised of senior unsecured and secured convertible notes issued on November 4, 2022 and December 19, 2022, respectively, in the principal amounts of $25.0 million and $20.0 million, respectively, which are convertible into shares of our common stock or other qualified securities (each as further described below). The YA II Convertible Debenture and the 2022 VIL Convertible Notes are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value with the carrying amount subject to remeasurement to fair value as of each subsequent balance sheet date.

Table of Contents

Interest Expense, Net


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,			$ change		% change
	2022	2021
Interest expense, net				$	(1,326)	$	(24)	$	(1,302)	$	(1,302)	5425	%

Interest expense, net increased by $1.3 million, or 5425%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to accrued interest expense of $1.7 million related to the YA II Convertible Debenture and the 2022 VIL Convertible Notes, interest expense for financing of our director and officer insurance of $0.1 million, offset by the increase in money market interest income of $0.5 million.

Interest expense, net decreased by $4.8 million, or 100%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was attributable to the loan the Parent Company forgave for the outstanding principal and accrued interest payable of $235.1 million revolving loan facility (“RLF”). The RLF was considered extinguished because of such contribution.

Other Income


(In thousands)			Years Ended December 31,		$ change	% change
	2022	2021
Other income, net				7,335	3,560	$	3,775	106	%

Other income increased by $3.8 million, or 106% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to revenue recognition of $7.3 million of the initial launch termination refund related to the bankruptcy filing of our former largest customer, compared to the non-recurring SAS income of $3.6 million recognized in 2021, primarily attributable to $1.7 million for the initial ordinary shares of SAS issued to us in exchange for the termination of the LSA, as well as a non-refundable deposit of $1.2 million.

Other income decreased by $59.1 million, or 94% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily attributable to the recognition of $62.2 million of non-refundable deposits received as a result of the bankruptcy filing of our largest customer for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021 we received $3.6 million primarily attributable to $1.7 million for the initial ordinary shares of SAS issued to us in exchange for the termination of the LSA, as well as a non-refundable deposit of $1.2 million.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We have accumulated net operating losses at the federal and state level for the time period during which we had not yet began commercial operations. We maintain a substantially full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets. The income tax expenses are primarily related to minimum state filing fees in the states where we have operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We only began commercial launch operations in 2021 and have been dependent on cash flows from financing activities to fund our operations. Our cash and cash equivalents were $51.2 million as of December 31, 2022, and we will require additional financing in order to continue and expand our operations and grow our business. If we are not able to obtain sufficient additional financing, our business may fail and we may be forced to liquidate with little or no return to investors.

Liquidity Requirements

We face uncertainty regarding the adequacy of our liquidity and capital resources and have extremely limited, if any, access to additional financing. In addition to the cash requirements necessary to fund ongoing operations, we expect to incur significant costs associated with the bankruptcy process, including legal, financial and restructuring advisors to the Company and certain of our creditors, and that we will continue to incur these significant costs throughout the Chapter 11 Cases. Our ability to obtain confirmation of a successful plan of reorganization in timely manner to limit these costs is critical to ensuring our liquidity is sufficient during the bankruptcy process. Assuming we are able to obtain sufficient additional financing and implement a plan of reorganization to continue as a going concern, we expect our expenses to increase in connection with ongoing activities, particularly as we continue to advance the development of our technologies,

Table of Contents

commercialize our satellite launch operations and continue to develop our space solution offerings, and continue to build and expand our production of rockets and aircraft.

Specifically, we expect our operating expenses to increase as we:

•scale up our facilities, manufacturing processes and capabilities to support expanding our volume of rockets;

•pursue further research and development on our satellite launches and space solution offerings, including those related to our research and education efforts;

•hire additional personnel in research and development, manufacturing operations, testing programs and maintenance as we increase the volume of our satellite launches and expand our space solution offerings;

•seek regulatory approval for any changes, upgrades, or improvements to our technologies and operations in the future; and

•hire additional personnel in management to support the expansion of our operational, financial and information technology functions as a public company.

We have several non-cancelable leases primarily related to the lease of our manufacturing and testing facilities. These leases generally contain renewal options for periods ranging from three to ten years and require us to pay all executory costs, such as maintenance and insurance. Our total remaining lease obligation as of December 31, 2022 is $24.3 million, with $3.4 million due in less than one year. We also have non-cancelable purchase commitments as of December 31, 2022 primarily related to supply and engineering services providers. Total non-cancelable purchase commitments due in the next five years is approximately $40.9 million, with $20.9 million due in less than one year.

Additionally, we have been expanding our satellite launch operations and space solution offerings since commercialization. As of December 31, 2022, we had six rockets in various stages of production and one carrier aircraft in operation. Assuming we are able to obtain sufficient additional financing to support our operations, we expect to accelerate our production of rockets to reach an annual production capacity of approximately 20 rockets. We have significantly reduced the per unit cost of producing rockets since production began. As such, we anticipate the costs to manufacture additional rockets to continue to decrease on a per unit basis as we advance and scale up our manufacturing processes and capabilities. However, the recent commercialization of our satellite launch and space solution offerings and the anticipated expansion of our rocket production have unpredictable costs and are subject to significant risks, uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, that may affect the timing and magnitude of these anticipated expenditures. Many of these risks and uncertainties are described in more detail in Part I. I tem 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including rate of revenue growth, ability to reduce costs per unit, the expansion of research and development activities, hiring additional personnel, and investment in manufacturing operations. We may sell equity securities or debt securities or secure other debt financing in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner as we may determine from time to time. If we sell any such equity securities in subsequent transactions, our current investors may be materially diluted. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and could reduce our operational flexibility or profitability.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that the Company will continue in operation one year after the date these consolidated financial statements are issued and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception and had an accumulated deficit of $1,011.6 million as of December 31, 2022. Our cash and cash equivalents was $51.2 million and $194.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and we have not generated positive cash flows from operations. We have not generated sufficient revenues to provide sufficient cash flows to enable us to finance our operations internally, and may not be able to raise sufficient capital to do so. In addition, on April 4, 2023, the Company filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. As a result of the Company’s assessment of going concern considerations, management has determined that the liquidity condition, our need to satisfy certain financial and other covenants in our debtor-in-possession financing, our need to implement a restructuring plan and the costs, risks and uncertainties surrounding the Chapter 11 Cases raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for 12 months following the issuance of the financial statements.

Management’s plans to mitigate an expected shortfall of capital to support future operations by raising additional funds through borrowings or additional sales of securities or other sources, and managing our working capital may not overcome

Table of Contents

or alleviate the substantial doubt that was raised. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company or whether the Company will become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow. If the Company is unable to raise substantial additional capital, operations and production plans may be scaled back or curtailed. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Convertible Debenture with YA II PN, Ltd.

In June 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “2022 Purchase Agreement”) with the Investor, pursuant to which we sold and issued to the Investor a convertible debenture (the “2022 Convertible Debenture”) in the principal amount of $50.0 million, which is convertible into shares of our common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement.

The 2022 Convertible Debenture bears interest at an annual rate of 6.0% and has a maturity date of December 29, 2023. The 2022 Convertible Debenture provides a conversion right, in which any portion of the principal amount of the 2022 Convertible Debenture, together with any accrued but unpaid interest, may be converted into shares of our common stock at a conversion price equal to the lower of (i) $4.64 or (ii) 95% of the average of the two lowest daily volume weighted average price of our common stock during the three (3) trading days immediately preceding the date of conversion (but not lower than a certain floor price, currently set at $0.746, that is subject to further adjustment in accordance with the terms of the convertible debenture).

In connection with the 2022 Purchase Agreement, the Company and Investor entered into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which we are required to file a registration statement registering the resale by the Investor of any shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the 2022 Convertible Debenture under the Securities Act. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, we are required to meet certain obligations with respect to, among other things, the timeliness of the filing and effectiveness of the Registration Statement (as defined therein).

Any time beginning 90 days after the issuance of a Debenture that the daily VWAP is less than the Floor Price for 7 trading days in a period of 10 consecutive trading days (each such occurrence, a “Triggering Event”) and only for so long as such conditions exist after a Triggering Event, we will be required to make monthly payments in cash. Each monthly payment shall be in an amount equal to the sum of (i) the principal amount outstanding as of the date of the Triggering Event divided by the number of months until the maturity date, (ii) a redemption premium equal to 10% of the principal amount being redeemed, and (iii) accrued and unpaid interest hereunder as of each payment date. Each monthly payment obligation shall be reduced by any amounts converted since the last monthly payment.

Our obligation to make monthly payments ceases if any time after the applicable Triggering Event, either (i) we provide the Holder a reset notice (each, a “Floor Reset Notice”) setting forth a reduced Floor Price which shall be equal to no more than 85% of the Closing Bid Price on the Trading Day immediately prior to such Reset Notice (and in no event greater than $10 per shares) and takes all steps necessary to implement such Floor Price reset, including, without limitation, applying for the additional listing of Conversion Shares on the Primary Market, or (ii) the daily VWAP is greater than the Floor Price for a period of 10 consecutive Trading Days, unless a subsequent Triggering Event occurs.

The 2022 Convertible Debenture may not be converted into common stock to the extent such conversion would result in the Investor and its affiliates having beneficial ownership of more than 9.99% of our then outstanding shares of common stock; provided that this limitation may be waived by the Investor upon not less than 65 days’ prior notice to us. The 2022 Convertible Debenture provides us, subject to certain conditions, with a redemption right pursuant to which, upon three business days’ prior notice to the Investor in the case of a partial redemption or ten business days’ notice in the case of a full redemption, we may redeem, in whole or in part, any of the outstanding principal and interest thereon at a redemption price equal to 2.5% of the principal amount being redeemed up until October 1, 2022, and thereafter at a redemption price equal to 5.0% of the principal amount being redeemed.

On March 27, 2023, we sold and issued to the Investor a convertible debenture, convertible into shares of our common stock, in the principal amount of $1.0 million on substantially similar terms as the 2022 Convertible Debenture.

Between January 1, 2023 and March 29, 2023, YA II PN, Ltd. converted a total principal amount of $42.5 million and accrued interest of $1.8 million for 53,796,467 shares of common stock.

The filing of the Chapter 11 Cases constitutes an event of default under the 2022 Convertible Debenture.

Table of Contents

Standby Equity Purchase Agreement

In March 2022, we entered into a standby equity purchase agreement (the “SEPA”) with the Investor, pursuant to which we have the right from time to time at our option to sell to the Investor up to $250.0 million of our common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations set forth in the SEPA.

Upon the initial satisfaction of the conditions to the Investor’s obligation to purchase shares of common stock set forth in the SEPA (the “Commencement”), including that a registration statement registering the resale by the Investor of the shares of common stock under the Securities Act that may be sold to the Investor by us under the SEPA (the “Initial Resale Registration Statement”) is declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and a final prospectus relating thereto is filed with the SEC, we will have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion until the first day of the month next following the 36-month period from and after the date of the SEPA, to direct the Investor to purchase up to a specified maximum amount of shares of common stock as set forth in the SEPA by delivering written notice to the Investor. The purchase price of the shares of common stock that we may sell to the Investor pursuant to the SEPA will be 97.5% of the average of the volume weighted average price of our common stock during each trading day in the three (3) consecutive trading days commencing on the trading day following delivery of such notice (other than any trading days excluded pursuant to the terms of the SEPA). The maximum amount to be sold pursuant to each notice may not exceed $50 million, and a notice cannot be delivered earlier than six trading days following the pricing period relating to any prior notice. Any shares of common stock that may be sold by us under the SEPA will be sold in transactions exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance upon the exemption afforded under Section 4(a)(2).

The SEPA prohibits us from directing the Investor to purchase any shares of common stock pursuant to the SEPA if those shares, when aggregated with all other shares of our common stock then beneficially owned by the Investor and its affiliates, would result in the Investor and its affiliates having beneficial ownership of more than the 9.99% of our then outstanding shares of common stock. Additionally, under applicable Nasdaq rules, we may not issue to the Investor more than 19.99% of the total number of shares of common stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the SEPA without prior stockholder approval, unless certain stipulations are met. The SEPA also provides that we may request a pre-advance loan from the Investor in a principal amount not to exceed $50.0 million. Subject to the terms of the SEPA, we have the right to terminate the SEPA at any time after Commencement, at no cost or penalty, upon five trading days’ prior written notice. In connection with the execution of the Purchase Agreement in June 2022, we agreed with the Investor not to sell to the Investor any shares under the SEPA until the earlier of the date upon which (i) all amounts outstanding under the convertible debenture have been fully repaid or converted into shares of common stock or (ii) the Investor no longer has any right or ability to convert any portion of the convertible debenture into shares of common stock.

Convertible Notes with VIL

We issued and sold to VIL a $25.0 million convertible note on November 4, 2022 (the “November 2022 VIL Convertible Note”), a $20.0 million convertible note on December 19, 2022 (the “December 2022 VIL Convertible Note”), a $10.0 million convertible note on January 30, 2023 (the “January 2023 VIL Convertible Note”), a $5.0 million note on February 28, 2023 (the “February 2023 VIL Convertible Note”) and a $10.9 million convertible note on March 30, 2023 (the “March 2023 VIL Convertible Note” and together with the November 2022 VIL Convertible Note, the December 2022 VIL Convertible Note, the January 2023 VIL Convertible Note and February 2023 VIL Convertible Note, the “VIL Convertible Notes”). The VIL Convertible Notes are convertible into shares of our common stock or other Qualified Securities (as defined below), subject to certain conditions and limitations set forth in the VIL Convertible Notes. Each VIL Convertible Note was sold pursuant to a subscription agreement between us, VIL and our domestic subsidiaries (the “Guarantors”) named therein that are jointly and severally guaranteeing our obligations under the VIL Convertible Notes. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, no principal or interest has been repaid on any of the VIL Convertible Notes.

The VIL Convertible Notes contain customary events of default. The November 2022 VIL Convertible Note and the December VIL Convertible Note bear interest at an annual rate of 6.0% (or 10.0% during the continuance of an event of default under such VIL Convertible Note), and the January 2023 VIL Convertible Note, the February 2023 VIL Convertible Note and the March 2023 VIL Convertible Note bear interest at an annual rate of 12.0% (or 16.0% during the continuance of an event of default under such VIL Convertible Note), in each case payable in cash semi-annually. Each of the VIL Convertible Notes has a maturity date of November 4, 2024, unless earlier repurchased, converted or redeemed in accordance with its terms prior to such date. Subject to any limitations under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, the VIL Convertible Notes will automatically convert into Qualified Securities (as defined below) at a conversion price equal to the purchase price paid by investors in the relevant Qualified Financing (as defined below) if, prior to the earliest to occur of November 4, 2024, any Fundamental Change Effective Date and the effective date of any Merger Event (each as defined in the VIL Convertible Notes), we consummate a bona fide third-party financing of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock for gross cash proceeds of at least $50.0 million (excluding any securities purchased by VIL or its affiliates) in one or more related and substantially similar and simultaneous transactions at the same price (a “Qualified Financing” and the securities sold in such Qualified Financing, the “Qualified Securities”).

Table of Contents

VIL will have the option to convert all or a portion of the VIL Convertible Notes in accordance with such terms in a financing by us that would have been a Qualified Financing but for the gross cash proceeds in such financing being less than $50.0 million, with such conversion effected as described above as if such financing were a Qualified Financing. Additionally, on or after October 15, 2024, VIL has the right to convert all or any portion of the VIL Convertible Notes into shares of common stock at an initial conversion rate of 345.5425 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the VIL Convertible Notes (subject to adjustments as provided in the VIL Convertible Notes, the “Fixed Conversion Rate”). In the event of a Fundamental Change, a Merger Event (each as defined in the VIL Convertible Notes) or a redemption of the Convertible Notes by us, or if any automatic conversion in connection with a Qualified Financing would be subject to limitations set forth in the relevant rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, VIL has the right to convert the VIL Convertible Notes at the Fixed Conversion Rate. Prior to the Maturity Date, we may redeem all or part of the VIL Convertible Notes for cash at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the VIL Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date (the “Redemption Price”) upon prior written notice provided in accordance with the Convertible Note. VIL may also require the Company to redeem for cash all or any portion of the Convertible Note at the Redemption Price upon prior written notice provided in accordance with the Convertible Note The VIL Convertible Notes contain a covenant that restricts our and the Guarantors’ ability to incur liens on our and the Guarantors’ assets and properties without VIL’s consent. If we undergo a Fundamental Change (as defined in the VIL Convertible Notes), then, subject to certain conditions, VIL may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of the VIL Convertible Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the VIL Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. Initially, a maximum of an aggregate of 24,498,963 shares of the common stock may be issued upon conversion of the VIL Convertible Notes at the Fixed Conversion Rate, subject to adjustment provisions included in the VIL Convertible Notes and subject to conversion in connection with a deemed Qualified Financing.

In connection with the VIL Convertible Notes, the Company and the Company’s domestic subsidiaries guaranteeing such notes also entered into a Security Agreement dated January 30, 2023, (the “Security Agreement”) with VIL, pursuant to which the Company and the guarantors granted a first-priority security interest on substantially all of their respective assets, including all aircrafts, aircraft engines (including spare aircraft parts) and related assets, other than certain customary excluded assets and permitted liens described in the VIL Convertible Notes. Upon the occurrence and continuation of an event of default under any of the VIL Convertible Notes, VIL is entitled to, among other things, foreclose on the assets that are the subject of the security interest.

We are obligated to use the net proceeds of the March 2023 VIL Convertible Note to fund severance and other costs related to the workforce reduction that we announced on March 30, 2023.

The filing of the Chapter 11 Cases constituted an event of default that accelerated our obligations under the VIL Convertible Notes.

Debtor-in-Possession Credit Agreement

If the DIP Credit Agreement is approved on a final basis by the Bankruptcy Court as proposed, VIL would provide a super-priority senior secured debtor-in-possession term loan credit facility in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $74.1 million (the “DIP Facility”), consisting of up to $31.6 million in principal amount of new money term loan commitments (the “DIP New Money Loans”) and a roll-up of (a) the March 2023 VIL Convertible Note and (b) a portion of the other VIL Convertible Notes, in each case as described below. Borrowings under the DIP Facility would be senior secured obligations of us and our domestic subsidiaries, secured by a super-priority lien on the collateral under the DIP Facility, which includes substantially all of the assets of us and our domestic subsidiaries. Following approval of the Interim DIP Order (as defined below), the March 2023 VIL Convertible Note was converted into a separate tranche of the DIP Facility (the “Interim Roll-Up Loans”) on the date on which the Bankruptcy Court issues an Interim DIP Order.

Upon the Bankruptcy Court’s entry of the interim order approving the DIP Facility (the “Interim DIP Order”) on April 5, 2023, VIL funded $12.25 million of DIP New Money Loans (the “Interim New Money Loans”) on April 6, 2023. Upon the Bankruptcy Court’s entry of a final order approving the DIP Facility (the “Final DIP Order”), VIL shall fund an additional $15.15 million of DIP New Money Loans (the “Final New Money Loans” and, together with the Interim New Money Loans, the “New Money Loans”). The New Money Loans and Interim Roll-Up Loans shall bear interest at a rate of 12.00% (or 16.0% upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default) per annum, payable monthly in arrears.

The DIP Credit Agreement also permits, to the extent necessary, one or more additional fundings in an aggregate principal amount of up to $4.2 million from the DIP Lender, which shall be made available following entry of (A) an order approving severance payments to the Debtors’ employees (a “Severance Approval Order”) and (B) the Interim DIP Order

Table of Contents

(the “DIP Severance New Money Loans”). The DIP Severance New Money Loans may be drawn in one or more draws, in each case in an amount not to exceed the amount of severance payments due and payable and approved by the Bankruptcy Court (the “Approved Severance Payments”). The DIP Severance New Money Loans are to be used solely for Approved Severance Payments, which may or may not become necessary.

Pursuant to the DIP Facility, a portion of the other VIL Convertible Notes would also be converted into a separate tranche of borrowings under the DIP Facility (the “Final Roll-Up Loans”), and shall bear interest at 18.00%, payable and compounded monthly in arrears. Additionally, 100% of the interest payable on the Final Roll-Up Loans shall be paid in-kind and added to the principal amount thereof.

The DIP Credit Agreement contains various customary events of default. During the continuance of an event of default, all overdue amounts of principal and interest under the DIP Facility will bear interest at the applicable rate, plus an additional 4.00% per annum.

Fees and expenses under the DIP Facility include funding fees of (i) 3.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Interim New Money Loans due when issued, (ii) 3.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Final New Money Loans due when issued and (iii) 3.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Severance New Money Loans due when issued and (iv) 3.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Interim Roll-Up Loans due upon entry of the Final DIP Order approving such funding fees.

The DIP Credit Agreement also contains milestones for the progress of the Chapter 11 Cases (the “Milestones”), which include the dates by which we and our domestic subsidiaries are required to, among other things, obtain certain orders of the Bankruptcy Court and consummate our emergence from bankruptcy. Among other dates set forth in the DIP Credit Agreement, the agreement contemplates that the Bankruptcy Court shall have entered the Final DIP Order no later than thirty (30) calendar days after the Petition Date.

Cash Flows

Historical Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)		2022		2021
Cash used in operating activities		$	(219,287)	$	(153,997)
Cash used in investing activities		(18,447)		(30,280)
Cash provided by financing activities		96,182		352,473
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		$	(141,552)	$	168,196

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $219.3 million primarily consisting of $191.2 million of net loss, adjusted for $15.9 million of non-cash and cash charges, and a decrease in net operating assets and liabilities of $44.1 million. The non-cash charges primarily included the charges in stock-based compensation of $18.6 million, depreciation and amortization of $12.7 million, inventory write-down of $2.0 million, and the change in fair value of the equity investment in Arqit of $9.1 million, offset by the change in fair value of convertible notes of $9.1 million and the change in fair value of liability classified warrants of $17.6 million, partially offset by the change in its fair value of $0.2 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $154.0 million primarily consisting of $157.3 million of net loss, adjusted for $16.9 million of non-cash charges, and an decrease in net operating assets and liabilities of $13.6 million. Inventory increased due to capitalizing the raw materials, labor and overhead costs related to the production of the Company’s rockets after reaching technological feasibility in January 2021. Deferred revenue decreased due to recognizing revenue for our demo launch in January 2021. The non-cash charges primarily included the charges in stock-based compensation of $10.6 million, depreciation and amortization of $14.4 million, inventory write-down of $4.1 million, offset by the change in fair value of the equity investment in Arqit of $7.0 million, the change in fair value of liability classified warrants of $3.7 million and the non-cash initial investment in SAS of $1.7 million, partially offset by the change in its fair value of $0.2 million.

Table of Contents

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $18.4 million consisting of $20.9 million of purchases of property and equipment offset by $2.4 million of proceeds from sale of investment in Arqit.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $30.3 million consisting of purchases of property and equipment and $5.0 million of purchases of equity investment in Arqit.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $96.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting of proceeds from the YA II Convertible Debenture of $50.0 million, proceeds from the November VIL Convertible Note of $25.0 million, and proceeds from the December VIL Convertible Note of $20.0 million, and proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $1.5 million, offset by payments of finance lease obligations of $0.3 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $352.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, consisting primarily of proceeds from the reverse recapitalization of $200.1 million, offset by payments of transaction costs related to the reverse recapitalization of $19.3 million, equity contributions received from the Parent Company of $169.1 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $2.8 million and cash received from the sale of non-controlling interest of $1.7 million, offset by payments of finance lease obligations of $0.1 million.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report are prepared in accordance with GAAP. We evaluated the development and selection of our critical accounting policies and estimates and believe that the following involve a higher degree of judgment or complexity and are most significant to reporting our results of operations and financial position and are therefore discussed as critical. The following critical accounting policies reflect the significant estimates and judgements used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making those estimates and any such differences may be material. We re-evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis.

We believe that the following accounting policies involve a high degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of our operations. Refer to Part IV. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a description of other significant accounting policies.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets and liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The accompanying financial statements do not reflect any adjustments that might result if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, we conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of such financial statements. Through this evaluation, we identified liquidity conditions that raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. This is further discussed in Part IV. Note 1. Organization and Business Operations to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, management has determined that our need to satisfy certain financial and other covenants in our debtor-in-possession financing, our need to implement a restructuring plan and the risks and uncertainties surrounding the Chapter 11 Cases raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Revenue Recognition

Launch Services

We recognize revenue from launch services when control is transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. A launch services agreement generally consists of multiple launches with each launch being allocated a fixed price. The revenue of a launch services agreement is recognized at a point-in-time when the performance obligation is complete, which is typically at the point of launch. However, as we are in the early stage of commercialization, the costs to provide the launch services for each contract are still subject to estimates, including labor costs, material costs, and allocated overhead and facilities and equipment costs.

Table of Contents

When we determine it is probable that the costs to provide the services stipulated by the launch services agreement will exceed the allocated fixed price for each launch, we record a provision for the contract loss. Contract losses are recorded at the contract level and are recognized when known. To the extent the contract loss provision is less than the accumulated costs to fulfill the contract, we record the provision net of inventory and net of contract assets on the consolidated balance sheet. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we identified certain contracts where the expected costs to fulfill the contracts were in excess of the estimated transaction price, and as such, recorded a provision for the related contract loss. The provision for contract losses outstanding as of December 31, 2022 was $51.6 million, with $35.4 million recorded net of inventory and $4.4 million net of contract assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Long-lived Assets

Long lived assets consist of property, plant and equipment, net and right-of-use assets and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group, which represents a combination of assets that produce distinguishable cash flows, may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, we first compare undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset to the carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. We have not recorded any impairment charges during the years presented.

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter period of the estimated useful life or lease term. We monitor conditions related to these assets to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining depreciation period.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company maintains stock-based compensation plans for its employees, officers, directors and consultants.

Stock-based compensation expense related to the stock-based awards granted to our employees is measured and recognized in our consolidated financial statements based on fair value. The fair value of each stock option granted to employees is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For performance-based stock options, the value of the award is measured at the grant date as the fair value of the award and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the graded vesting period, using the accelerated attribution method, once the performance condition becomes probable of being achieved.

Determining the grant date fair value of options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires management to make certain assumptions and judgments. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock option awards issued is affected by a number of variables, including the risk-free interest rates over the expected option term, the expected common share price volatility over the expected option term, the expected dividend yield of our common shares over the expected option term, and the fair value of the underlying common shares.

•Risk-Free Interest Rate — The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities corresponding to the expected term of the awards.

•Expected Term — The expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is based on historical experience of similar awards, considering the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior.

•Expected Volatility — The volatility rate is determined by using an average of historical volatilities of selected industry peers deemed to be comparable to our business corresponding to the expected term of the awards as we do not have sufficient history of trading in our common stock.

•Dividend Yield — The expected dividend yield is zero as we have never declared or paid cash dividends and have no current plans to do so in the near future.

Warrant Liability

The Company accounts for the warrants assumed in connection with the Business Combination in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, under which the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the warrants as liabilities at their fair value and remeasures the warrants to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is

Table of Contents

recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the warrants may fluctuate primarily based on the implied volatility which varies based on future market and industry conditions. These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our warrants regardless of our operating performance.

Convertible Notes

The Company accounts for convertible notes in accordance with ASC 825 – Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”) and early adopted ASU 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity, which removes from GAAP the liability and equity separation model for convertible instruments with either cash or beneficial conversion features. As a result, convertible debt instruments would only be separated into multiple components if they were issued at a substantial premium or if embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation were identified. As discussed in Part IV. Note 10. Convertible Notes, the YA II Convertible Debenture and VIL Convertible Notes were not issued at a substantial premium, and the Company analyzed the provisions of the notes and did not identify any material embedded features which would require bifurcation from the host debt. As such, the notes are accounted for entirely as a liability net of unamortized issuance costs. The carrying amount of the liability is classified as long-term as the instrument does not mature within one year of the balance sheet date and the holder is not permitted to demand repayment of the principal within one year of the balance sheet date. However, if conditions to convertibility are met as described further in Part IV. Note 10. Convertible Notes, the Company may be required to reclassify the carrying amount of the liability to current. The embedded conversion features are not remeasured as long as they do not meet the separation requirement of a derivative. Issuance costs are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method, to interest expense over the term of the notes. Changes in fair value will be recorded in the statements of operations and changes in fair value related to credit risk will be recorded in other comprehensive loss. Additionally, ASU 2020-06 requires the application of the if-converted method to calculate the impact of convertible instruments on diluted earnings per share, however there was no impact during the year as the convertible instruments were anti-dilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please refer to Part IV. Note 3. Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for a description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Emerging Growth Company Accounting Election

Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts “emerging growth companies” as defined in Section 2(A) of the Securities Act, from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, and any such election to not take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. Virgin Orbit is an “emerging growth company” and has elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period.

Virgin Orbit will use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public business entities and non-public business entities until the earlier of the date Virgin Orbit (a) is no longer an emerging growth company or (b) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. The extended transition period exemptions afforded by Virgin Orbit’s emerging growth company status may make it difficult or impossible to compare Virgin Orbit’s financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of this exemption because of the potential differences in accounting standards used. Refer to Part IV. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for the recent accounting pronouncements adopted and the recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Virgin Orbit will remain an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (a) December 31, 2026, (b) the last date of Virgin Orbit’s fiscal year in which Virgin Orbit has total annual gross revenue of at least $1.24 billion, as increased for inflation, (c) the last date of Virgin Orbit’s fiscal year in which Virgin Orbit is deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates or (d) the date on which Virgin Orbit has issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years.

Table of Contents

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We have interest bearing demand deposit accounts and we have operations within the United States and United Kingdom. As such, we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including the effects of interest rate changes and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about these market risks is set forth below.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk for changes in interest rates applicable to our cash and cash equivalents. We have cash and cash equivalents totaling $51.2 million as of December 31, 2022. Our cash and cash equivalents were invested in interest bearing demand deposit accounts. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would not have had a material impact on the value of our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022.

Foreign Currency Risk

Transaction Exposure

Currently, we do not use foreign currency forward contracts to manage exchange rate risk, as the amount subject to foreign currency risk is not material to our overall operations and results. Therefore, we are not exposed to foreign currency transaction risk.

Translation Exposure

The functional currency of our operations in the United Kingdom is the local currency (pound sterling). We translate the financial statements of the operations in the United Kingdom to United States Dollars and as such, we are exposed an immaterial amount of foreign currency translation risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required by this Item are included in Part IV. Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules of this report and are presented beginning on page F-1 and are incorporated by reference into this Item.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Background and Remediation of Material Weaknesses

As previously reported, in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The first material weakness was related to the lack of sufficient personnel to execute, review, and approve all aspects of the financial statement close and reporting process. The second material weakness arose from the need to augment IT and application controls in our financial reporting.

Our remediation plan included:

•recruiting additional personnel, in addition to engaging and utilizing third party consultants and specialists, to supplement our internal resources and segregate key functions within our business processes;

•designing and implementing IT and application controls in our financially significant systems to address our relative information processing objectives;

•establishing a formal risk assessment process to identify and evaluate risks relevant to financial reporting objectives;

Table of Content s

•designing and implementing additional review procedures within our accounting and finance department to provide more robust and comprehensive internal controls over financial reporting that address the relative financial statement assertions and risks of material misstatement within our business processes; and

•implementing a training program addressing internal controls over financial reporting, including educating control owners regarding the requirements of each control.

These controls have been fully implemented and have been operating for a sufficient period of time, and management has concluded, through formal testing, that these controls are operating effectively. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, the material weaknesses were remediated.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2022.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in “Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Attestation of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Our independent registered accounting firm will not be required to opine on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 until we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than as described above regarding actions taken to remediate our material weaknesses, there have been no material changes in our internal control over financial that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

None.

Table of Content s

Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth the name, age and position of each of our executive officers and directors as of April 4, 2023. There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

Name

Age

Position

Dan Hart

Chief Executive Officer, Director

Jim Simpson

Chief Strategy Officer

Brita O’Rear

Chief Financial Officer

Derrick Boston

Chief Legal Officer

Alan J. Carr

Director

Jill Frizzley

Director

Susan Helms

Director

Evan Lovell

Director

George N. Mattson

Director

Katharina McFarland

Director

Abdulla Shadid

Director

Gregory L. Summe

Director

Dan Hart. Mr. Hart joined Virgin Orbit, LLC as its President in March 2017, and has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Virgin Orbit, LLC since June 2017. Mr. Hart is a member of our Board. From 1983 until he joined Virgin Orbit, LLC, Mr. Hart held various aerospace leadership roles at Boeing, where he most recently served as Vice President of Government Satellite Systems. In that position, he oversaw Boeing’s government satellite programs, while developing and managing missions for the DoD, NASA, NOAA, and other national programs. Mr. Hart’s portfolio included marquee programs such as Global Positioning System (“GPS”), Wideband Global SATCOM, the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (“TDRS”) system, and the X-37 spaceplane. Mr. Hart holds a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the State University of New York at Albany and attended the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program.

We believe that Mr. Hart is qualified to serve as a member of our Board because of his experience and track record of success as Chief Executive Officer at Virgin Orbit, LLC and elsewhere in the aerospace industry, as well as his knowledge and extensive experience in the aerospace industry and with satellite programs.

Jim Simpson. Mr. Simpson has served as Chief Strategy Officer of Virgin Orbit, LLC since November 2020 and is responsible for defining our strategy and leading business development efforts across all end markets. Prior to joining Virgin Orbit, LLC full-time, he served as a board member of VO Holdings, Inc. from May 2019 through November 2020. Mr. Simpson previously served as Chief Executive Officer of Saturn Satellite Networks, Inc., a manufacturer of GEO communications satellites, from May 2019 to November 2020, and of ABS Corporation, a satellite connectivity and service provider, from December 2017 to August 2018. From September 2015 to December 2017, Mr. Simpson served as Senior Vice President for Strategy & Business Development at Aerojet Rocketdyne, where he led the company’s new business capture and strategic alignment initiatives. Mr. Simpson spent 35 years at Boeing in various leadership roles within the Satellite & Launch Business including the Vice President of Commercial Satellite Systems and the Vice President of Strategy and Business Development for Networks and Space Systems. Mr. Simpson holds Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Materials Engineering from University of California Los Angeles and a Master of Business Administration degree from University of Southern California Marshall School of Business.

Brita O’Rear. Ms. O’Rear has served as Chief Financial Officer of Virgin Orbit, LLC since July 2017 and is responsible for leading all corporate finance, budgeting, and accounting efforts across the business. Prior to joining Virgin Orbit, LLC, from July 2016 to May 2017, Ms. O’Rear led the finance and accounting team at Astronics Test Systems. From 2013 to mid-2016, Ms. O’Rear served as the Vice President of Finance at Thales Avionics InFlyt Experience and Thales North America. From 1997 to 2013, Ms. O’Rear served as the Deputy CFO and Senior Director of Finance at Thales Avionics In-Flight Entertainment. Prior to Thales Avionics, Ms. O’Rear held finance roles at B/E Aerospace and Lockheed Martin. Ms.

Table of Content s

O’Rear holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Finance from California State University of Fullerton and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Redlands.

Derrick Boston. Mr. Boston served as Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel of Virgin Orbit, LLC since April 2017 and as Chief Legal Officer, he is responsible for leading the legal team and supervising the information technology team. Prior to joining Virgin Orbit, LLC, from March 2008 to January 2017, he served as Executive Vice President, Business Development and General Counsel of Panavision Inc., where he oversaw all legal matters across the business and led strategic business development projects. He also served from 2010 to 2013 as President of Panavision’s Advanced Imaging Group, through which he led three of its subsidiaries. Mr. Boston is a corporate securities lawyer and has been a partner at Irell & Manella and Guth | Christopher, both based in Los Angeles, California. Mr. Boston holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Government from Harvard University and a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review.

Alan J. Carr. Mr. Carr is a member of our Board. Mr. Carr currently serves as the Managing Member and Chief Executive Officer of Drivetrain, LLC, an independent fiduciary services firm, a position he has held since September 2013. From 2003 to 2013, Mr. Carr was Managing Director at Strategic Value Partners, a global investment firm focused on distressed debt and private equity opportunities. Mr. Carr started his career at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Ravin, Sarasohn, Baumgarten, Fisch & Rosen in corporate restructuring advisory. Mr. Carr has served and does currently serve on public and private company boards of directors in various jurisdictions around the world and in various industries. Mr. Carr currently serves as a director for the following public companies: Qualtek Services Inc., since February 2023; M3-Brigade Acquisition III Corporation, since November 2022; Unit Corporation, since September 2020, and NewLake Capital Partners, since August 2019. He previously served on the board of directors for the following public companies in the last five years: Atlas Iron Limited, TEAC Corporation, Tidewater Inc., Midstates Petroleum Company, Inc., Verso Corporation, McDermott International, Inc., Sears Holding Corporation, Basic Energy Services, Inc., and Enjoy Technology Inc. Mr. Carr received a B.A. in Economics and Sociology from Brandeis University and a J.D. from Tulane Law School.

We believe that Mr. Carr is qualified to serve on our board due to his experience in complex financial restructurings and reorganizations and his extensive experience serving on the boards of private and public companies.

Jill Frizzley. Ms. Frizzley is a member of our Board. She currently serves as the president of Wildrose Partners LLC, an independent consultant company providing governance and related advisory services to corporations, a position she has held since June 2019. From 2016 through May 2019, Ms. Frizzley served as Counsel in the Business Finance and Restructuring Group at the law firm of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP. Ms. Frizzley has served as a director on numerous public and private boards of directors. Currently, Ms. Frizzley serves as a director for the following public companies; Avaya Holdings Corporation, since December 2022 and iMedia Brands, Inc., since April 2023. She previously served on the boards of directors for the following public companies in the last five years: Hudson Technologies, Inc., Vivus, Inc. Ms. Frizzley holds a B.Sc. degree from the University of Alberta and an L.L.B. degree from the University of Toronto Faculty of Law.

We believe that Ms. Frizzley is qualified to serve on our Board because of her extensive experience in corporate governance and corporate restructurings, as well as her experience serving on both public and private company boards.

Susan Helms. Ms. Helms is a member of our Board. Ms. Helms was commissioned from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1980 and served in the United States Air Force until her retirement in April 2014 with the rank of Lt. General. During her tenure in the United States Air Force, Ms. Helms held a variety of positions of increasing responsibility before ultimately retiring as the Commander, 14th Air Force (Air Forces Strategic), Air Force Space Command, and Commander, Joint Functional Component Command for Space, U.S. Strategic Command, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. In addition, Ms. Helms is a former NASA astronaut and veteran of five spaceflights. Ms. Helms is the principal and owner of Orbital Visions, LLC, a consulting company established in 2015. Additionally, Ms. Helms currently serves on the NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel and is a member of the Board of Trustees for the Aerospace Corporation. Ms. Helms has also been elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Ms. Helms was previously a board member for Concho Resources Inc. from March 2017 to January 2021 and the Association of Space Explorers (USA) and, in 2016 she completed a two year term as a trustee for the Woodrow Wilson International Center in Washington, D.C. Ms. Helms earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy and a Master’s of Science degree in Aeronautics/Astronautics from Stanford University.

We believe that Ms. Helms is qualified to serve on our Board because of her expertise in technology, risk management and organizational efficiency as a result of her long tenure with the United States Air Force, as well as her experience serving as a director for various public companies.

Table of Content s

Evan Lovell. Mr. Lovell is the Chairman of our Board. Since 2012, Mr. Lovell has served as the Chief Investment Officer of the Virgin Group, where he has been responsible for managing the Virgin Group’s portfolio and investments in North America. From 2008 to 2012, Mr. Lovell was the Founding Partner of Virgin Green Fund, a private equity fund investing in the renewable energy and resource efficiency sectors. From 1998 to 2008, Mr. Lovell served as an investment professional at TPG Capital, where he also served on the board of directors of a number of TPG portfolio companies. Mr. Lovell currently serves on the boards of several companies including Virgin Hotels since 2012, Virgin Voyages since 2014, BMR Energy since 2016, Virgin Galactic since 2017, 23andMe Holding Co. since 2020, Virgin Orbit since 2017 and Virgin Group Acquisition Corp. II since 2020. Mr. Lovell previously served on the board of Virgin America (NASDAQ: VA) from 2013 until its acquisition by Alaska Air in 2016. Mr. Lovell holds a Bachelor’s Degree from the University of Vermont.

We believe that Mr. Lovell is qualified to serve on our Board because of his extensive experience as a seasoned investor and operator.

George N. Mattson. Mr. Mattson is a member of our Board. Mr. Mattson began serving as the current President of Star Mountain Capital, an asset management firm, in February 2023. Mr. Mattson has served as a director of the Board of Directors of Xos, Inc. (f/k/a NextGen Acquisition Corporation (“NGAC I”)) since July 2020 and served as Co-Chairman of NGAC I from September 2020 until August 2021. Mr. Mattson served as Co-Chairman of NextGen from January 18, 2021, until December 2021. Mr. Mattson served as a Partner and Co-Head of the Global Industrials Group in Investment Banking at Goldman, Sachs & Co. from November 2002 through August 2012. Mr. Mattson joined Goldman Sachs in 1994 and served in a variety of positions before becoming Partner and Co-Head of the Global Industrials Group. Mr. Mattson serves as a director of Delta Air Lines, Inc. (NYSE: DAL), and Virgin Galactic Holdings, Inc. Mr. Mattson also served as a director of Air France-KLM S.A. (PAR: AF) from 2017 until February 2021. Mr. Mattson holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Duke University and an M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

We believe that Mr. Mattson is qualified to serve on our Board due to his substantial strategic, financial and transactional experience and deep expertise in the industrial sector and his experience serving as a director for various public and private companies.

Katharina McFarland. Ms. McFarland is a member of our Board. With over 30 years of government service, Ms. McFarland is widely recognized as a leading subject-matter expert on government procurement. She currently serves as a Director on the Boards of SAIC and Transphorm, Inc. She served as Chairman of the Board of Army Research and Development at the National Academies of Science from 2017 to 2022. She was previously the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition from 2012 to 2017 and acting Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics & Technology) from 2016 to 2017. She was President of the Defense Acquisition University from 2010 to 2012. From 2006 to 2010, Ms. McFarland was the Director of Acquisition, Missile Defense Agency. She is an accredited Materials, Mechanical, Civil and Electronics Engineer. She has received an Honorary Doctoral of Engineering degree from the University of Cranfield, United Kingdom; the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award, the Secretary of Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service Award, the Department of the Navy Civilian Tester of the Year Award, and the Navy and United States Marine Corps Commendation Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service.

We believe that Ms. McFarland is qualified to serve on our Board because of her experience serving as a director for various public companies, as well as her substantial experience with the U.S. Department of Defense, Department of Army, and Intelligence Community procurement with focus on Space applications, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber, and IT technologies.in defense acquisition, program management, logistics and technology.

Gregory L. Summe. Mr. Summe is a member of our Board. Mr. Summe is the Founder and Managing Partner of Glen Capital Partners LLC, an investment fund. He also served as the Co-Chairman of NextGen Acquisition Corp I & II. From 2009 to 2014, Mr. Summe was the Managing Director and Vice Chairman of Global Buyout at the Carlyle Group. Prior to joining Carlyle, Mr. Summe was the Chairman, CEO and President of PerkinElmer, Inc. which he led from 1998 to 2009. He also served as a Senior Advisor to Goldman Sachs Capital Partners from 2008 to 2009. Prior to joining PerkinElmer, Mr. Summe was with AlliedSignal, now Honeywell International, serving successively as the President of General Aviation Avionics, President of the Aerospace Engines Group, and President of the Automotive Products Group. Before joining AlliedSignal, he was the General Manager of Commercial Motors at General Electric and was a Partner with the consulting firm McKinsey & Company, Inc. Mr. Summe serves as a director of NXP Semiconductors N.V. (Nasdaq: NXPI), the State Street Corporation (NYSE: STT), Avantor Inc. (NYSE: AVTR), and the Pella Corporation. He was previously the chairman of the board of directors of Freescale Semiconductor and Euromax International, and a director of Biomet Inc., TRW Inc., LMI Aerospace, Veyance, and Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (Nasdaq: ADP). Mr. Summe holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Kentucky and the University of Cincinnati, and an M.B.A. with distinction from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He is in the Hall of Distinction at the University of Kentucky.

Table of Content s

We believe that Mr. Summe is qualified to serve on our Board due to his extensive operational and business transformation experience in the aerospace sector and his experience serving as a director for various public and private companies.

Abdulla Shadid. Mr. Shadid has served as a member of the Virgin Orbit Board since its inception in December 2021. He is an investment professional with over 17 years of experience in the field of investment and portfolio management. Mr. Shadid currently serves as an Executive Director in the Growth and M&A (GM&A) unit in Mubadala’s Direct Investments platform. In his role, he manages Mubadala’s direct investments in select growth sectors such as the space industry, and covers General Partner fund strategies. Together with the GM&A team, he supports the wider platform in managing their respective funds to realize shareholder value through underwriting and executing new investments, PMO and M&A activities, and divestitures. Mr. Shadid first joined Mubadala from the Tawazun Economic Council in 2005 and served in various roles. He was a member of the team that developed Mubadala’s first comprehensive investment strategy for the Aerospace sector in 2006 and was subsequently engaged in its implementation and execution. He worked on various M&A and business development transactions, and the creation of foundational partnerships with leading global aerospace players, including GE Aviation, Rolls-Royce and UTC Aerospace. In 2013, he served as Head of Aerospace, managing Mubadala’s portfolio of aerospace investments in the UAE and internationally and leading the eventual monetization of key holdings. Between 2018 and 2020, he served as Managing Director, Cargo & Logistics Services at Etihad Aviation Group. There, he played an active role in evolving Etihad Cargo’s business strategy and rolling out its ambitious transformation program, growing revenue from $830M to $1.3BN during the period and doubling the bottom line. Mr. Shadid has a breadth of directorship experience acquired through current and previous board positions. He currently serves as a member of the Board of Directors of Sociedad Minera de Santander S.A.S. (Minesa) in Colombia and Strata Manufacturing PJSC in the UAE. He previously served as Chairman of Sanad Aero Solutions LLC, Aerospace Turbine Services and Solutions LLC and Armaguard Valuables Management LLC; and was also a member of the Boards of Directors of Abu Dhabi Ship Building PJSC (ADX:ADSB), Safwa Marine LLC, SR Technics Holdings AG and Cosmo Energy Holdings Company Ltd (TYO:5021). Mr. Shadid holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from University College London (UCL) in the United Kingdom.

We believe that Mr. Shadid is qualified to serve on our Board because of his extensive experience in the aerospace industry.

Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act

Section 16(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires our directors, executive officers, principal accounting officer and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our common stock to file with the SEC reports of their ownership and reports of changes in their ownership of our common stock. To our knowledge, based solely upon our review of the copies of such reports and amendments to such reports with respect to the year ended December 31, 2022 and on written representations by our directors and executive officers, all required Section 16 reports under the Exchange Act for our directors, executive officers, principal accounting officer and beneficial owners of greater than 10% of our common stock were filed on a timely basis during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics (the “Code of Conduct”) that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. A copy of our Code of Conduct is available under the Governance section of the Investor Information page of our website at www.virginorbit.com. We intend to make any legally required disclosures regarding amendments to, or waivers of, provisions of our Code of Conduct on our website rather than by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Audit Committee

We have a separately-designated standing audit committee (“Audit Committee”) that consists of George N. Mattson, Katharina McFarland and Gregory L. Summe with Gregory L. Summe serving as Chair of the Audit Committee. Our board of directors determined that each of these individuals meets the independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and applicable Nasdaq rules. Each member of the audit committee also meets the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable Nasdaq rules.

The Board has also identified Gregory L. Summe as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations and who meets applicable financial sophistication requirements. In making this determination, the Board considered Mr. Summe’s formal education and previous and current experience in financial and accounting roles. Both our independent registered public accounting firm and management periodically will meet privately with the audit committee.

Table of Content s

Item 11. Executive Compensation

This section discusses the material components of the executive compensation program for our executive officers who are named in the “Summary Compensation Table” below. In 2022, the “named executive officers” and their positions were as follows:

•Dan Hart, Chief Executive Officer;

•Jim Simpson, Chief Strategy Officer; and

•Tony Gingiss, Chief Operating Officer.

As part of the workforce reduction, on March 30, 2023, Mr. Gingiss was informed that his position with the Company was being eliminated effective April 3, 2023.

2022 Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of the named executive officers and their positions for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.


Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)	Bonus ($)	Option Awards ($)(1)	Stock Awards ($)(1)	Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(2)	All Other Compensation ($)(3)	Total ($)
Dan Hart	2022	500,000	—	4,000,001	—	—	42,943	4,542,944
Chief Executive Officer	2021	511,008	—	2,093,921	—	671,250	44,552	3,320,731
Jim Simpson	2022	390,000	—	800,000	400,000	—	21,614	1,611,614
Chief Strategy Officer	2021	417,780	—	223,575	—	189,150	10,186	840,691
Tony Gingiss	2022	390,000	—	800,000	400,000	—	18,017	1,608,017
Chief Operating Officer	2021	353,049	75,000	182,208	—	173,190	15,042	798,489

____________

(1)With respect to 2022, amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of stock options to purchase shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), in each case, granted under the 2021 Plan (as defined below) to the named executive officer computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation rather than the amounts paid to or realized by the named individual. We provide information regarding the assumptions used to calculate the value of all stock awards made to our named executive officers in Note 14 in our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

(2)Bonus amounts represent annual bonuses earned by each named executive officer in 2021 and paid in cash in 2022, based on the attainment of predetermined individual and company performance metrics as determined by the board of directors of VO Holdings in its discretion.

(3)Amounts for 2022 in this column include the amounts set forth in the table below:


Named Executive Officer	401(k) Plan Matching Contributions ($)	Life Insurance Premiums ($)	Charitable Contribution to the California Science Center ($)
Dan Hart	16,515	1,428	25,000
Jim Simpson	20,352	1,262	—
Tony Gingiss	16,589	1,428	—

2022 Salaries

In 2022, the named executive officers received annual base salaries to compensate them for services rendered to the Company. The base salary payable to each named executive officer is intended to provide a fixed component of compensation reflecting the executive’s skill set, experience, role and responsibilities. The annual base salaries for the named executive officers were $500,000, $390,000 and $390,000 for Messrs. Hart, Simpson and Gingiss, respectively. The base salaries payable to our named executive officers were not increased in 2022.

2022 Bonuses

In fiscal year 2022, Messrs. Hart, Simpson and Gingiss were eligible to earn annual cash bonuses targeted at 100%, 50% and 50%, respectively, of their respective base salaries. Each named executive officer was eligible to earn his bonus based on the attainment of pre-determined company and individual performance metrics, which were comprised of company key

Table of Content s

performance indicators weighted 65% of the executive’s bonus opportunity including safety, financial, flight, production and growth goals, and individual goals weighted 35% of the executive’s bonus opportunity. Bonus payouts in respect of individual performance were based on achievement of individual goals and were subject to a performance multiplier ranging from 0%-120% of target. No annual cash bonuses were paid to our named executive officers in respect of 2022 performance.

The actual annual cash bonuses awarded to each named executive officer for 2022 performance are set forth above in the Summary Compensation Table in the column entitled “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation”.

Equity Compensation

Each of our named executive officers currently hold stock options granted under the 2017 Plan and the 2021 Plan.

Stock options granted to Messrs. Simpson and Gingiss under the 2017 Plan and 2021 Plan generally vest and become exercisable as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and thereafter as to 1/12th of the underlying shares on each quarterly anniversary of the vesting commencement date, subject to continued service through the applicable vesting date.

The vesting of stock options under the 2017 Plan will accelerate in full in the event of a termination of employment by the Company without “cause” within 24 months following a “change in control” (each such term as defined in the 2017 Plan). The Closing did not constitute a change in control for purposes of any outstanding equity awards under the 2017 Plan.

In connection with the Closing, we adopted the 2021 Plan in order to facilitate the grant of cash and equity incentives to our directors, employees and consultants of the Company, employees of its subsidiaries and other eligible consultants and to enable us and certain of our subsidiaries and affiliates to obtain and retain services of these individuals, which is essential to our long-term success. The 2021 Plan became effective on the date immediately preceding the Closing.

In connection with the Business Combination our board of directors approved the grant of stock options to each of our named executive officers covering 820,349 shares (Mr. Hart) and 164,070 shares (Messrs. Simpson and Gingiss), effective as of January 4, 2022. Mr. Hart’s stock option vests and becomes exercisable as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the Closing, and thereafter as to the remaining 75% of the underlying shares in six substantially equal installments on each successive six-month anniversary of the Closing, subject to continued employment. In addition, Mr. Hart’s stock option will vest and become exercisable in full upon a termination of employment without “cause” or for “good reason”, each as defined in his existing employment agreement, subject to his timely execution and non-revocation of a general release of claims. The stock options granted to Messrs. Simpson and Gingiss vest and become exercisable as to 25% of the underlying shares on the first anniversary of the grant date (January 4, 2022) and thereafter as to 1/12th of the underlying shares on each quarterly anniversary of the grant date, subject to continued employment.

On July 28, 2022, the compensation committee of our board of directors approved the grant of time-vesting RSU awards to each of our named executive officers covering 100,000 shares to each of Messrs. Simpson and Gingiss). The RSU awards vest as to 25% of the RSUs on each six-month anniversary of the grant date, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting date.

Other Elements of Compensation

Retirement Plans

We maintain a 401(k) for our employees, including the named executive officers, who satisfy certain eligibility requirements. Our named executive officers will be eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan on the same terms as other full-time employees. The Internal Revenue Code allows eligible employees to defer a portion of their compensation, within prescribed limits, on a pre-tax basis through contributions to the 401(k) plan. In 2022, we made safe harbor and discretionary matching contributions, in respect of contributions made by participants in the 401(k) plan, up to a specified percentage of employee contributions, including on behalf of the named executive officers. These safe harbor and discretionary matching contributions are fully vested as of the date on which the contribution is made.

Employee Benefits and Perquisites

Health/Welfare Plans. In 2022, the named executive officers participated in our health and welfare plans, including:

•medical, dental and vision benefits;

•medical and dependent care flexible spending accounts;

•health savings accounts;

Table of Content s

•short-term and long-term disability insurance;

•life insurance; and

•vacation and paid holidays.

We believe the perquisites described above are necessary and appropriate to provide a competitive compensation package to the named executive officers.

No Tax Gross-Ups

We do not make gross-up payments to cover the named executive officers’ personal income taxes that may pertain to any of the compensation or perquisites paid or provided by us.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table summarizes the number of shares of common stock underlying outstanding equity incentive plan awards for each named executive officer as of December 31, 2022.


		Option Awards (1)						Stock Awards
Name	Vesting Commencement Date	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable	Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#)		Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date	Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)	Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) (2)
Dan Hart	N/A	281,491	—	563,826	(3)	4.41	November 20, 2027	—	—
	May 23, 2019	331,615	47,374	—		4.01	May 23, 2029	—	—
	N/A	378,989	—	378,989	(4)	3.85	November 20, 2027	—	—
	March 13, 2017 (5)	1,768,617	—	—		3.85	November 20, 2027	—	—
	December 29, 2021 (6)	410,174	410,175	—		6.83	December 29, 2031	—	—
Jim Simpson	November 2, 2020	46,886	46,886	—		4.41	November 2, 2030	—	—
	January 4, 2022 (7)	—	164,070	—		6.83	January 4, 2032	—	—
	July 28, 2022 (8)	—	—	—		—	—	100,000	185,000
Tony Gingiss(9)	January 28, 2021	32,820	42,198	—		4.41	January 1, 2028	—	—
	January 4, 2022 (7)	—	164,070	—		6.83	January 4, 2032	—	—
	July 28, 2022 (8)	—